Paleolithic Age

The Stone get along with Social Studies Mrs. Perez By horse parsley Colon 6th grade The Stone Age Now I think we buns all admit that The Stone Age was non a good time to be living in the honor and all that. But I bet we would all be having or so pretty good times with the things that you were able to do back then. So, let me explain some to you. During the palaeolithic age nomads grouped together into low-pitched societies called bands. They also subsisted by gathering plants, hunting, or scavenging wild animals. They did this by development wood or bones carved to exercising as weapons. They started to use stones in the neolithic so I will get to that later.Other essential commodities were adapted for use as tools also like leather or vegetable fibers. Although the Paleolithic age is part of the Stone Age nomads did not use stones until the Neolithic age Ill get to that now. The beginning of the Neolithic culture is co0nsidered to be in the Levant about 10200-8800 BCE. It formed now from the Epipaleolithic Nafutian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which evolved into real farming. The Nafutian termination was 12000-10200 BCE, and the so-called proto-Neolithic is now included in the PPNA between 10200-8800 BCE.As the Nafutians had become dependent on wild cereal in their diet and a inactive way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes and associated with the younger dryas are conception to come forced people to have develop farming. in that location also were weapons made by stones, flint, and other materials. I did not include this in the intro, but the Mesolithic actually falls between the Neolithic and Paleolithic age. Did you know that in the Stone Age you did not have to have a license for anything? If you wanted to go kill a horse, slam-bang mortal, or even throw a rock at somebody you can do it without anybody telling you so.The term Mesolithic was first utilize to post-Holocene, but pre-a gricultural material in Norwest Europe about 10000-5000 BCE. It is also an utilise material in Levant. As you can see the Stone Age had some pretty fun things to do. You can grab a acquiesce and arrow and hunt down a random animal you can even go horse-back riding, or even play with fire, nobody cared what you did. There were no laws. Why heck you could have gotten married at the age of five. I guess I just explained to you that we all can have a good time in the Stone Age even if in that location was no television.

Comparison between Hard Times and the Star

bid the beginning of onerous propagation, the admirer is about children and the way that they argon treated. Although Hard clock was written a hundred years before the spark advance but both stories have exchangeable messages and implications. The Star and Hard multiplication both stress what their authors thought about teaching in their clips. An chief(prenominal) theme in both stories is the importance of supposition. For Sissy Jupe in Hard Times, her imagination is what makes her herself. For the boy Cameron in the Star his imagination is a way of relief valve from the dystopian world around him.In both stories, these ideas are much important than the characters but I think that in Hard Times the characters play a much more important role than in the Star, as they are described in much more exposit and discretion. Like Hard Times, the surroundings in the Star connote ideas of entrapment and claustrophobia. The phrasal idiom monotonous vault in Hard Times suggests a p rison house like feeling to the schoolroom, while in the Star, enclosing tenements connotes a similar feeling about Camerons neighbourhood.An important message in both stories is that no matter how hard you try to suppress imagination, it will always resurface. In Hard Times, this is represented by the phrase, dost thou think that thou weaken always kill outright the robber Fancy lurking within- or sometimes only maim and distort him This message is also reflected in the Star by the child disobeying the teacher and swallowing the pencil lead instead of handing it to the teacher. Dickens describes his characters in great detail, using similes and metaphors.For example, there is a lengthily description of Mr. Gradgrind cosmos likened a building in chapter one. In Hard Times, Dickens how a character will act is reflected in their name. Gradgrind suggests step by step grinding, which is what Mr. Gradgrind does he gradually grinds the children into his image of what a person should b e. Dickens also hints to us how we are meant to feel about certain characters in his descriptions of them. I find that gray-haired doesnt describe his characters in the Star in as much depth as Dickens does in Hard Times.Gray spends more time on the descriptions of the images that Cameron imagines when he looks into the star such as the snow-flake. He brought it tightlipped to his eye. In its depth was the pattern of a snowflake He looked through and through the flakes crystal lattice into an ocean of glittering blue-black waves under a sky full of huge galaxies. I preferred Hard Times to the Star because the characters are described in more detail whereas descriptions of the star seem to make up most of the story in the Star. I also find Hard Times easier to understand, probably because it is more blinding than the Star.

Latin America Transformed

This work focuses on four assorted areas for correspondence the dynamics of C see the States and the Caribbean. The first is the comparative evaluation of maturation policies in the region prior to neoliberalism. The second involves analytical work that combines the genius of the neoliberal model applied in the Caribbean and Central America. The third is the prove of the role of migration and trading blocks in contemporary Caribbean and Central American development. The stern considers the Cuban exception as a socialist say in a capitalist sea.The republics of Central America and the Caribbean share many historic characteristics. All of these countries make part of the Spanish colonial system for 3 centuries or more. However, some(prenominal) regions contain inherited highly unequal distributions of clownish land (Gwynne & Kay 104). Although the countries spun out of the Spanish colonial orbit at different times and in different contexts, Spanish colonialism established outstanding elements of cohesion that helped lay the foundations for the challenges of nation-state construction after indep land upence. Furthermore, Central America and the Caribbean have shared, since the deep nineteenth degree centigrade, the strong political, social, and sparing influence of the unify States and the development of agro- exportationing economies. any through the direct creation of classic enclave economies (mining, sugar, timber, bananas, and so on) the development of export infra constructions or the less visible participation in the achievement and merchandise of early(a) products, such as coffee, cattle, or food, foreign -especially U.S., German, and English entrepreneurs helped touch the region firmly to the northerly Atlantic deliverance.Beginning at the end of the nineteenth century, national elites struggled to channel and contain social and political nominal heads in fix to promote the kind of order and progress they and foreign investors d epended upon and alike to construct memories, histories, and images of nations that were functional to their political and economic projects and their dreams of national power and stability. At the same time, foreign political and economic control and their own subjective weaknesses and contradictions led them to seek, at least rhetorically, national unity and independence and to pass strategic concessions to popular classes in an attempt to take in nationalist or populist alliances. This kind of opening both influenced the ways popular struggles came to be defined and induced events in which popular forces could effectively make their voices heard in the national political arena.CBI should be seen as a vanguard insurance for a reconstituted US regional hegemony under neoliberalism (Gwynne & Kay 105). Caribbean g overnments in the context of their efforts at promoting economic and social development and with the external debt crisis hanging heavily over their heads had been st ressing the need for a meaningful, coordinated program of emergency assistance in the form of aid and market and investment preferences. Indeed as betimes as 1979, Edward Seaga, because the opposition leader of Jamaica, proposed the need for a mini-Marshall protrude and a Puerto Rico-style relationship between the US and the Caribbean. CBI could therefore be regarded as a response to those appeals.The roughly salient studies in Cuban chronicle written in the 1970s and 1980s focused on the intonation from slave labor to free labor in Cubas plantation sparing and were led by the look into of Manuel Moreno Fraginals into Cubas plantation sector and Rebecca Scotts work on the abolition of slavery and its impact. Since then, studies have addressed issues of racial and ethnic composition and identity, immigration, and social banditry, as well as the womens and labor movements.Jorge Ibarra has begun a fulfill of re view and reconsideration of the classic themes of Cuban historiog raphy, including the islands social structure. Since the nineteenth century Cuba has essentially had a one-crop (sugar cane) exporting economy with the concomitant vulnerabilities of output and terms fluctuations and deteriorating terms of bargain (Gwynne & Kay 118). Cuba is now almost totally isolated and potentially a source of future conflict and violence. Cuba has ceased to be the totalitarian state it once was as the state itself was severely weakened by the floating-point operation of the Soviet Union in 1991.Spurred on by the international modality favoring regional trading blocs, plaza American countries have recently formed the association of Caribbean States, but beyond several regional summits have taken no firm steps towards region-wide economic integration (Gwynne & Kay 100). The Association of Caribbean States (ACS) encompasses cc million (plus) inhabitants of the region and, along with free trade arrangements between CARICOM and Venezuela, Colombia, and the gr ay Cone countries, represents the consolidation of a Caribbean strategy to participate as full as possible in the movement toward hemispheric free trade.Ironically, the Caribbean is pathetic in the direction of the foreign conception of the region in that U.S., European, Japanese, and other external policy-makers have long dealt with the Caribbean programmatically as a seamless, if ethnicly diverse, unit. regional academics and policy-makers, however, depart from this programmatic view in recognizing that certain aspects of sub-group uniqueness must quiet down be maintained. For example, the existing Caribbean Community (CARICOM) integration area will for the predictable future co-exist with the ACS.For both the Caribbean and Central America, the version of import substitution espouse to a large extent involved US multinational corporations (MNCs) relocating production facilities within the region to avail customers there, rather than a dramatic expansion of domestically-owne d industries (Gwynne & Kay 100). Both liberal, free-market rhetoric and collective bodies of capitalists (domestic holding companies and multinational corporations) spearheaded the drive to enter foreign areas. The ideology praised individualism and free market values, but the factual agencies of penetration were collectivized planning organizations. U.S. businessmen and politicians looked first to Central America for markets because that region had long been expected to become a closer economic partner.But U.S. officials conducted little study of the Central American economic situation and entered into no systematic consultation with Central American leaders because the U.S. vision expressed in the doctrines of Manifest Destiny and the Open Door was restrict to resolving U.S. domestic problems, not meeting Central American needs. The Americanism initiated in the 1880s, which was expected to create the market conditions necessary to assure U.S. commercial expansion, likewise expo sed fundamental differences between the U.S. and Central American visions. While the joined States proposed mainly commercial programs, the Central American delegates often struggled to include political, social, and cultural affairs.Among the alternatives available, it seems that the neoliberal model has begun to prevail. This model, which is well known and well supported from outside, substantively modifies the structure of Central American countries. Its hallmark is the absence of attention to social aspects. In the case of Central America, it eliminates what little economic equilibrium had existed before, producing a festering concentration of wealth in the hands of the few, and a progressive motive of the rest of the population. Consequently, it will crumble democracy throughout the region.Neoliberalism puts pressure on already highly-trade-dependent Middle America to export more (Gwynne & Kay 104). The progress or modernization pursued by the Latin American governments requi red increase sums of money to import the machinery, railroads, luxuries, and technology that would be used to try to shift their nations into replicas of the European nations the elites and middle class so much admired. To earn that money, the Latin Americans increased their exports, the foods or minerals they traditionally had sold abroad. The export sector of their economies standard the most attention.In that sector, they increasingly concentrated investments, technology, and labor, leaving the domestic economy weak and increasingly inadequate. The number of those exports was limited. The highly prized railroads, built at keel expense, opened new lands for exploitation but always were linked to the export sector, rushing the material products of the interior to the coastal ports where ships waited to transport them to Europe and the United States. Most of the modernization concentrated in the export sector. It contributed to some(a) gallant growth but did little to develop Ce ntral America. In fact, modernization contributed to deepening dependency.Central America and the Caribbean is a region of small, economically open and trade-dependent countries surrounded by larger and more industrialized countries that are touching more aggressively towards economic integration (Gwynne & Kay 99). From one perspective, global transformations create challenges and opportunities for policymakers who can adapt to changing environments and prudently recalculate basic questions of survival, viability, and effectiveness. in that location is reason to believe that this process is under way in Cuba, though the record of these calculations and their long-term consequences are unknown. For example, Cuba must carefully calculate its interests in a context of rapidly changing balances and one in which its cash defiance, moralism, anti-imperialism has lost much of its value.Systemic reasons rooted in a control condition model and a series of blunders and poor decisions by government by and large explain Cubas economic predicament. It is increasingly recognized in Cuba itself that its substantial economic, financial, and trade dependence on the former communist world actually strip it of the advantages that would have accrued to it had relations been expanded with more capitalist countries.Unfortunately, Middle America denotes a region anxious about, and reacting somewhat defensively to, hemispheric movements towards trade alliances to its north and south. Spurred on by the international climate favoring regional trading blocs, Middle American countries have recently formed the Association of Caribbean States, but beyond several regional summits have taken no firm steps towards region-wide economic integration (Gwynne & Kay 100).The revival of the integration movement has been encouraged by the perceived world wide trend to form trading blocks spearheaded by the European Community (EC). This development led to a perceived need in the United States , Canada, and some Latin American countries to form a hemispheric economic block in order to counterbalance the strengthened European integration movement. Once the NAFTA movement got underway, some LAC countries realized the need to participate in it to avoid the possible invalidating economic effects that NAFTA may have on their economies.The Central American Common Market (CACM) consists of five countries with a long history of linkages Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Gwynne & Kay 121). Together, the original CACM members experimented with the development strategy known as meaning Substitution Industrialization, or (ISI). This strategy called for a change in the nature and structure of demand away from imported consumer goods and toward imported industrial goods, which could then be used to produce domestically the same goods that would formally have been imported. During its initial stages, ISI was considered quite successful and was often credited with the economic nose drops that swept the region at the time of its inception.In reaction to neoliberalism, a growing number of people have tried to emigrate to North America and Europe, where about 5 million Caribbean islanders have gone since 1945 (Gwynne & Kay 120). For example, Salvadorans initially migrated to San Francisco, while Hondurans migrated to New Orleans. Migration has been such an integral part of the Eastern Caribbean finishing that almost every Eastern Caribbean citizen has a relative or title-holder living in a major country.This factor is significant when analyzing both the political and economic system of the Eastern Caribbean. Since 1979 there has been significant changes in migration patterns and, notably, in the volume of people leaving Central America. Not surprisingly, Nicaragua and El Salvador, both of which suffered tremendous damage from war and social unrest, witnessed one of the most dramatic migrations of their people to other Central American c ountries, Mexico, the United States, Canada, and elsewhere. To address an extreme example, for every five people born in St Kitts and Nevis and springy today, two now reside in the United States (Gwynne & Kay 120).Neoliberalism, in particular, has make a major contribution to the dynamic and contradictory processes of globalization in the Caribbean and Central America. One important conclusion that comes from this study is that the neoliberal geomorphological adjustment programs are very limited. Although export agriculture has produced some wealth, it has similarly created massive structural problems of inequality, and it has not achieved self-sustained, modernizing growth over the long run.In conclusion, a feature of Caribbean and Central American migration that deserves further exploration and research is the potential for continuous and circular migration, principally between the islands of the Caribbean and the United States. This phenomenon has important implications for l abor markets in regions of origin and destination. Many of the people now go to their homelands are bringing with them the wealth of accumulated knowledge and experience. This should significantly advance the level of human capital in these Central American economies and serve as an important element for the growth and development of the region.Works CitedRobert N. Gwynne, Cristbal Kay. Latin America Transformed Globalization and Modernity. Arnold London, 1999.

Brainology Essay Essay

carol S. Dweck wrote an article talking about transforming students motivation to learn. In the article, he states that there are two types of mindsets the fixed mindset and the issue mindset. Dweck describes the fixed mindset as students who worry about how much the scholarship they posse is fixed, whereas students believe that the growth mindset is potential intelligence that stomach be learned. He explains that confronting disputes, profiting from mistakes, and dealing with setbacks is a way of turn smarter. Dweck dialog about how in the 1990s parents and schools felt that the most important issue or students was self-esteem.They felt that if students felt good about themselves then they would be good and successful in life. Dweck also talks about students cosmos praised for their intelligence vs. macrocosm praised for their effort. At the end of the article, Carlos discuss how our society worships talents and how our talent is portrayed as a gift. He explains how worshi ping talent was not motivating to our students.After reading this article, Ive learned that its go bad to have a growth mindset because the more I challenge myself to grow with intelligence the more chances I will have of becoming successful. I always knew that it was important to learn and never give up but I never took it serious. I now see the grandness of never giving up. I feel like now I can motivate myself to keep going no matter how knotty things get and to always accept in any challenge in my classes because thats the only way I can really intensify my intelligence. Also after reading this article, I see the importance of being praised for my hard work and effort rather than my talents.

African American and Black People Essay

1 . What issues almost busheled inkiness semipolitical leading during reconstruction? reconstruction brought cardinal social changes to former slaves. Families that had been separated before and during the Civil state of war were reunited, and slave marriages were formalized through legally recognized ceremonies. Families also took advantage of the schools realized by the Freedmens Bureau and the expansion of public education, albeit segregated, under the Reconstruction legislatures.New opportunities for higher education also became available with the founding shortly later onward the Civil War of minatory colleges, such(prenominal) as Howard University in Washington, D. C. , and Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. The number of African-American churches grew significantly and became social and political centers as well as houses of worship. Black ministers assumed a leadership bureau in the club and were among the first elected officials. The most fundamental co ncern of lightlessnesss through all of the changes, though, was economic survival. 2.What did black political leaders secure and fail to accomplish during Reconstruction? What contributed to their successes and failures? During the decade known as basis Reconstruction (1867-77), Congress granted African American men the stance and rights of citizenship, including the right to vote, as guaranteed by the 14th and 15th Amendments to the U. S. Constitution. During Reconstruction, some 2,000 African Americans held public office, from the local level all the way up to the U. S. Senate, though they never achieved representation in government proportionate to their numbers.3. Were black political leaders unqualified to hold office so soon after the end of slavery? They were unqualified to hold office soon after the slavery because some of the amendments disqualified blacks. Yes because the amendments prevented blacks to be in the office. 4. To what extent did African Americans dominate southeasterlyern politics during Reconstruction? Should we refer to this era as Black Reconstruction African Americans dominated the southern politics during Reconstruction because of the debate play a big crash in the situation.5. wherefore did the Republican companionship fail to maintain control of southern demesne governments during Reconstruction? Because other party had to a greater extent voters and stronger debates. 6. What was salvation? What happened when redemption occurred? What factors contributed to redemption? The return of an investors principal in a fixed income security, such as a preferred stock or bond or the sale of units in a interchangeable fund. A redemption occurs, in a fixed income security at par or at a premium price, upon maturity or cancellation by the issuer.Redemptions occur with mutual funds, at the choice of the investor, however limitations by the issuer may exist, such as minimum holding periods. 7. How and why did Reconstruction end? recon struction cease because of the compromise of 1877. It was an unwritten agreement that stated Hayes would win the presidency, if he were to remove troops from southern states (political).. Reconstruction also failed because m either great deal in the south did non want to accept a life history different from what they were used to (social). 8.How effective was Reconstruction in assisting black commonwealth to move from slavery to freedom? It was very effective because black community did get a chance to become free. 1 . How were black pot prevented from voting despite the Fifteenth Amendment? Many smock Americans were upset roughly the fifteenth amendment so they put fear in the black community by attacking them at the polls and throughout different cities. 2. How did fair Americans justify segregation? They had better options than blacks. For example Blacks had to seat in the of the schoolroom and buses. 3. wherefore did the South experience an epidemic of violence? and l ynching in the late nineteenth century? Because community valued revenge upon stimulate in the south 4. Why didnt more black people leave the South in this period? Because they was afraid of what people from the south might do to them. 1. How did the strategies promoted by Booker T. Washington differ from those of W. E. B. Du Bois and the NAACP? Which were more effective? W. E. B Du Bois valued people to piddle for the things they treasured. Booker T Washington wanted people to find a trade and work for the stuff they want.W. E. B Du Bois was more effective because the black community wanted to be meliorate was the can discover things . 2. Assess Washingtons contributions to the advancement of black people? Booker T Washington wanted people to find a trade and work for the stuff they want. 3. How did bourgeois and prosperous black people try to contribute to progress for their race? Were their efforts effective?They efforts were effective they seen that it was possible for blacks to advance in life and they wanted to progress. 4. Why did most African Americans support U. S.participation in World War I? Was that support justified? Because they loved their country, and wanted to support their families.6. Why did many black people leave the South in the twenties? Why didnt this migration begin earlier or later? Because they were not being treated fair. 2. What examples of progress could leaders manage W. E. B. Du Bois, James Weldon Johnson, A. Philip Randolph, and Marcus Garvey time period to in the 1920s? 3. Why did so many African-American leaders reject Marcus Garvey? Because he wanted them to go back to Africa and got close with Ku Klux Klan. 4.How did the black nationalism of the Universal Negro Improvement Association differ from the white nationalism of the Ku Klux Klan? Because they were not violent. 5. What economic opportunities existed for African Americans who had migrated to northern cities? 6. Why did the literary and artistic movement k nown as the Harlem Renaissance emerge? 7. What was typical about black writers, artists, and musicians? Were their creative works essentially a part of American culture or separate from it? 8. Did African Americans have any reason to be optimistic by the late 1 920s?1 . Why did African Americans abandon their long association with the Republican Party in favor of the Democratic Party? Because African Americans felt like the democratic party share the same beliefs. 2. How did black radicalism influence Roosevelts New Deal policies and programs? 3. How did black people respond to and survive the not bad(p) Depression? How did the experiences of black women during the Depression reflect their race, class, and gender status? 1 . How did the Great Depression affect black culture? How did the WPA democratize black culture?How did black religious culture change during this era? It rapidly increases and had black support and establish an organization. 2. How did black artists, musicians , filmmakers, and writers negotiate the dilemma of threefold consciousness as articulated by Du Bois? They knew that people had to be educated to make their dreams come true. The different talents that they had needed to be shared with the land and the way they could do that is understanding how, why, when and what message will people understand them or they dreams.This provided blacks with the opportunity to shine and show their talented. 3. How did swing-era big band music lead to bebop? What problems did the bebop musicians encounter? They were introduce to beats, It was not espial a lot of people attention. It was a culture change in Chicago and Harlem. The cities started a different age of music. Jazz and hip-hop saltation help create the renaissance in the two areas. 6. Why did black athletes become prominent during the1930s and 1940s? What was their impact on American.

Eliminating Genetically Modified Foods Essay

What comes to mind when reading the words contagious change or vitamin B complex thurigiensis (abbreviated Bt)? I envision laboratories and science experiments, when in reality these words argon related to the provender we eat e very day. What just intimately Ameri potentiometers do non know is the threat that divisortically special fodder proves to our communities. PLU should do everything in its power to encounter that its students and faculty members are non open(a) to genetically modify foods and crops that bugger tally been protected through the us duration of Bt that has been artificially co-ordinated into crops, at least while eating on campus.We also penury to educate those individuals about the truths of genetic revision and how it toilette potentially imp formment the lives of our generation and those to come. After all, PLUs slogan is educating for lives of thoughtful inquiry, service, leadership and wield for other people for their communities a nd for the earth. If we seat raise awareness of genetic modification on campus, we tail suffice spread the importance of eliminating it to the rest of our community.Researchers view as recently found that genetically circumscribed foods have more luggage than advertised, baggage such as the risk of formation of allergies, exposure to toxins in herbicides, and a significant reduction in nutritional value. The genetic modification of crops began in the 1980s and has been growing in popularity ever since. In 1994, researchers successfully genetically change tomatoes for human habit. The genetic modification involved deleting a gene which graveld the enzyme polygal transactionuronase which helps in fruit softening.This meant that the tomatoes could veraciousn on the vine but not spoil by the time they reached the store (Tomatoes). Tomatoes are no lifelong genetically modified, but are instead made to postpone development when the green tomato is breaked they are then t aken to a treat plant and artificially wastesed with ethylene until they are the rosy-red skin tones of a ripe tomato (Estabrook p. x). Seeing the words gassed and ethylene in the same stage setting as human consumption bets concerning. Unfortunately, many Americans are unaware of how their food has been treated when they are consuming it.Some produce is too exhaustively to be true because they seem stark(a), without a blemish or bruise, not to mention free from flavor. But, I now know that this is due to gasses that act as a sort of give way-up. The tomatoes in PLUs commons are unsatisfactory in taste, but impeccable in terms of looks. This leads me to call in that PLU is purchasing out of season, gassed tomatoes that are bred to be green, as opposed to bust quality totalally grown produce. This brings nutritional value into question. In a study conducted by the U. S.Department of kitchen-gardening, century grams of fresh tomato at present has 30 percent less vitamin C, 30 percent less thiamin, 19 percent less niacin, and 62 percent less calcium than it did in the 1960s, not to mention fourteen times as much sodium (Estabrook p. x). Who would have thought that an individuals sky rocketing levels of sodium was not only from McDonalds french fries, but also from what they thought of as a healthy alternative, a tomato bought from the grocery store. Parents are unknowingly purchasing these tomatoes with the intention of feeding their children or sothing healthy, but in reality they are existence undermined by the U.S. Agricultural System. What really is genetic modification? It can be defined as organisms that have had particularised changes introduced into their desoxyribonucleic acid by genetic engineering techniques (Genetically Modified). According to Assistant Professor Romey Haberle, these types of genetic engineering techniques take the usage of either a gene gun or a inherent vector, which sounds just as bad as the ethylene gas previousl y stated. A gene gun is just that, a gun. Its pop the question is to inject cells with proper(postnominal) genetic information into plants or other cells. natural vector is the usage of DNA cells as a direction of carry-over into a plants cells. The DNA cells contain other specific and modified cells that are foreign to the plant in which it is being injected. These devil types of genetic engineering are used to produce specific plants that can have special immunities to certain insecticides, or even to alter the crops full general composition. Guns and natural vectors are the well-nigh common ways of studying and acting genetic modification in todays agricultural world. boron thurigiensis (Bt) is an insecticide with unusual properties that make it useful for pest control in certain situations (W. S. Cranshaw). An insecticide is a poison knowing for insects. In the past(a) it was usually sprayed over fields in an effort to reduce the inwardness of crops lost to insects. T here has recently been in increase in the follow of crops that have this toxin genetically modified to into its DNA, making it impossible to wash off or get rid of. Unfortunately, the crops resist the personal cause but the toxin is inactive present on crops as they grow and are picked.Bt works by producing proteins that react with the cells of the intestine lining within insectsthese proteins then paralyze the digestive system, and the infected insect stops feeding within hours (W. S. Cranshaw). In short, Bt causes the insect to die from starvation since their digestive tract is unable to digest. This makes me question the sanctuary of using this product within proximity of humans since it specifically attacks the gut lining of the digestive system. An unfortunate incident with Bt in the Philippines almost caused 100 members of a community to become ill.A crop within mean proximity to their area of living had been sprayed with Bt. This crop was then pollinated, filling the ai r with pollen. The towns people began to show symptoms of headaches, dizziness, extreme stomach pain, vomiting, tit pains, fever, and allergies plus respiratory, intestinal and skin reactions. Trying to get to the root of the problem, agate line tests proved that 39 of the victims showed an anti-body response to the Bt-toxin. This means that the Bt toxin had traveled from the crops to their internal systems. other villagers also encountered animal deaths from the same problems (Lendman p. 7).This shows that Bt is not suitable for human consumption or human finish off. My concern is that PLU will purchase and serve food that has this same toxin present. Yes, the chances of this happening are rare, but we can eliminate the risk altogether by purchasing non-genetically modified produce that has not been capable to the Bt toxin. PLUs dining services do a great byplay of offering fresh and healthy foods for all meals of the day. Each menu is clear labeled as to whether its food is all natural grown without fertilizers or pesticides, locally grown, vegan free from all animal products, vegetarian, or organic.However, organic is rarely seen. The most common labels seen are the locally grown and all natural labels, but it is usually only next to the grilled or chopped chicken breast. PLU should make an effort to move away from genetically modified foods and begin advertising the elimination of engineered foods on the menus. We could do this by allotting more of our food budget to buying organically grown food. We know that to be labeled as organic a farm has to adapt to specific regulations such as not utilizing pesticides or other mischievous preservatives and of course, to repose away from genetically modified seeds or plants.I believe that most PLU students are aware of the benefits of organically grown produce but I do not think they are educated as to the benefits of eating non-genetically modified foods. PLU recently had food and water seminars, thes e seminars present a perfect opportunity to speak and educate about the negatives of eating genetically modified food in order to educate them to help others and make the right decisions for our earth. Most PLU students are interested in the environment and doing what we can to ensure sustain business leader, this let ins the usage of harmful pesticides to our environment.By eating organic we can make a small impact in reducing the amount of non-organic produce bought and distributed. We also reduce the possibility of consuming these same pesticides that pose a threat to our atmosphere by avoiding them all together. By educating the students at PLU about the potential hazards that genetically modified food can present we can influence and encourage the right decisions to be made, the decision of going organic and avoiding genetic modification at all costs.The controversy of deluxe sift is one that has caused much disagreement within the world of genetic modification. favourable r ice is a genetically engineered grain that is being used to help fight vitamin A deficiency in the developing world, a unhealthiness that contributes to the deaths of 8 million childly children in the world (Ronald). Although this statistic demonstrates the drastic advantage of the overall health in the most developing parts of the world, it fails to include the massive changes in the natural functioning of a plants DNA.Native genes can be mutated, deleted, permanently turned on or off and the inserted gene can become truncated, fragmented, mixed with other genes, inverted or multiplied, and the GM protein it produces may have unintended characteristics (Lendman p. 2) that could compromise the health of the individual or community consuming it. Researchers have failed to imply the potential harmful effects on gut function, liver function, kidney function, the immune system, endocrine system, blood composition, hypersensitive response and even the potential to cause cancer because of the mutilated DNA that is being ingested by our bodies every time we eat genetically modified foods.Researchers are so quick to glorify the one added nutrient to golden rice that they forget, or rather choose to not advertise the unbecoming and undesired side effects that could come from eating rice that has a complex and unnatural DNA. Yes, vitamin A deficiency is a real and self-aggrandizing problem in todays underdeveloped nations, but answer the problem with genetically altered golden rice presents the risks of forming allergies, being exposed to toxins such as pesticides, and ultimately causing cancer.Instead of investing most of our resources and money into genetically modifying vitamin A into rice, we could donate it to charities that provide food to those underdeveloped countries that are impoverished and are in need of proper nutrition. Allergies seem to be more and more common in todays society. I too, have been directly impacted. One of my best friends from my juni or high gear and high school years has a deathly peanut and soja bean allergy. She constantly carries around an epinephrine auto-injector, abbreviated epi-pen, that she is required to use if she comes into contact with any kind of nut.We find ourselves constantly reading labels and isolating what she can and cannot eat, a practice which is tedious and inconvenient. Her soybean allergy is not as prevalent as her peanut allergy, but it is still concerning. She had an experience of eating an ice cream popsicle, in which she took two bites and her lips started to swell with red hives. up to now after carefully analyzing the ingredient list, she still had a reaction to slightly kind of soybean that had been present within one of the ingredients.Soybeans are present in many foods, and 93% of the soybeans used in the U. S.are genetically modified (Genetically Modified). They are created to withstand herbicides used to kill weeds. This means that 93% of the soybeans used in food across America have the herbicides glyphosate or glufosinate within them since they are modified to resist the harmful effects that the weeds encounter when they are sprayed with a herbicide, the same herbicide that is designed to kill insects and weeds. Our bodies are not meant to ingest these harmful herbicides, so some children react adversely to soybeans that have been genetically altered. Nut allergies seem to be the most common allergy in todays communities.From 1997 to 2007, the prevalence of reported food allergy increased 18% among children under age 18 ( prevalence). This increase in food allergies seems to directly mimic the traffic pattern of genetically modified foods rise in popularity. Is this comparability ironic? I do not think so. PLUs ability to specifically mark the types of allergens present in each meal is very important to the rising of todays allergies that so many young adults are affected by. As of 2012 there are many extroverted court cases and FDA investigati on into genetically modified foods (Genetically Modified).There is obviously a concern for the welfare of our communities and the production of genetically modified foods, and PLU should take into reflection the recent increase in food allergies in children, the push for organically grown food, the lost nutrition, and the potential for cancer development. By educating the minds of PLU students about the harmful effects genetically modified food presents to society we can conjure for lives of thoughtful inquiry, service, leadership and care both for others and for our planet. These contributors all add up to one conclusion the reduction or elimination of genetically modified food in our diets.I do not want to pick up the baggage that genetically modified food carries, do you? flora Cited Cranshaw, W. S. Bacillus Thuringiensis. Colorado State University Extension. Dec. 2008. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. . Estabrook, Barry. Tomatoland How Modern Industrial Agriculture Destroyed Our Most Allu ring Fruit. Kansas City Andrews McMeel, 2011. Print. Genetically Modified Food. 20 Mar. 2012. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. . Lendman, Stephen. GlobalResearch.ca Centre for Research on Globalization. GlobalResearch. ca. 22 Feb. 2008.Web. 23 Mar. 2012. . Prevalence of Food Allergies in Todays World. 23 Mar. 2012. Web. 23 Mar. 2012. . Ronald, Pamela. What If constitutional Farmers Joined Forces with Genetic Engineers? July 2008 35-38. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. Tomatoes. GMO Compass. 27 Nov. 2006. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. .

Reading Visual Culture Essay

When demanding ocular kitchen-gardening 1 rout out well be led to interpret from go outs . ocular representations have many diametric thinkings, the way that some interpreted Visual culture and visual representations whoremonger in a way influence, confuse or inform others of their meanings. Visual culture is found almost anywhere in the world, no one really knows when it dates back to as there is so much visual culture in history. There argon many examples of visual culture in diverse times, churches use to use visual culture in their stained glass windows.These windows use to be quite delicate pieces of maneuver and were once considered highly religious, this was because of what was placed inside the windows and where they were most standardizedly to be found was in churches. This was a visual as it was able to be seen, but in many ways what was seen may not be real. For instance many of these church windows had angles on them and this made them in a way a fantasy o r non-realistic character to some. The culture of these windows was the mint who viewed these on a religious basis, in other words the ones who sh bed out the same values about the church that the windows were found in.Although there could be some bewilderment when discussing visible things and visual culture. Visible things are something like a chair, whereas visual culture would be a picture of the chair. The confusion normally lies in the word visible and visual, visualising something can be through when you see a poster and all the different pictures and writing that urinate up that poster. The format of a visual and how it is represented can affect others in different ways. If you see a sign that is red and says stop, your thought tells you that you need to stop only because this is what it has learnt to do in some cultures.Although in another culture where the word stop is just a surge of wiggly lines and means nothing they may see the red as danger and be cautious abou t their actions. Another example is when you bring hieroglyphics, all most that do not understand them see are images of birds and leaves, whereas the people who know the writing see them as letters and words, it is how things are represented in the mind of others or ones self. one of the basic units in visual culture can be signs, they can be icons and symbols, and are comprised of different codes.One thing can mean another and then could lead to a serious of different events. Signs that are a well-known icon are something like Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola is a ecumenic known product, it is iconic to those who see it. There are many different ways people think of Coke, one of which is the writing on the nursing bottle and the red label that coincides with the label on the bottle. Signs are comprised of different codes, in saying this they are all in their own way a code.In the war a code was considers a bunch or mumbled up words that made no sensory faculty, it only made sense to thos e who understood them. This is much like signs, only those who understand the signs can read them. Referring back to the stop sign as they are exemplary codes, whereas posters are iconic codes, the reasoning for this is because one symbolises an action whilst the other is an iconic image that is there to be seen and viewed so it may draw those who view it in. Although symbolic signs and iconic signs may seem very different they can sometimes be the same.

Performance Measurement Paper Essay

In the world of business in that location atomic number 18 m any cliches about how instruction execution stridements are enforced and what they actually do such as if your company doesnt measure results then you cant tell success from failure. http//www. balancedscorecard. org/ national/tabid/36/Default. aspx The key focus on strategical objectives should al managements order precisely what the constitution wants to accomplish which is the key to finding accurate, true, strategic measurements. The strategic action measures exit allow the scheme to monitor the implementation and speciality of the operational efficiency.The best functioning measures will provide a way to monitor and see if that strategy is actually act asing. Focusing on the immenseness of the employees contribution to the success of the organization is another important measure that can be added along with providing a common language for the discourse of everyone. Performance measurement is so vital i n the structure of an organization because it is an ongoing and constant reporting and monitoring of accomplishments. Typically the platform is implemented by agency management.The different program activities are measured by this system as well. A program whitethorn be considered any project, activity, or function that has a set of objectives. The three types in which will be compared and contrasted begins with the proceeds type of performance measures which indicates a specific work load that is processed throughout a period of measure. The next type of performance type of selection is the efficiency type, which indicates the different ratios of the resources to work the product.The resources of this particular type are primarily considered bud suck up dollars. The final performance measurement type that will be under contrast is the terminus type which tells the results over a period of time from work which was performed by the organization in order to benefit the people rec eiving the service. (EOM) or green light siding management is a practice used in randomness technology dealing with the organization of data that is created for banking systems, insurance database systems, customer kin management, as well as many others.Out project distributed management is delineate as middle ware that threatens to drive out the process primarily supported in order to implement an auto mated one. EOM output managment could potentially reduce the cost of traditional printing because it uses digital output channel such as fax and email. The potential of this is depends on how the conceit is adopted by the targeted customer group. Management information systems allow organizations to get right people the correct information at a timely and efficient manner.The efficiency type of performance management works by pulling together information. Therefore improving the products and expanding the customer base at the same time. A manger with a good management informa tion system can eliminate redundant miscues that waste time and may instead focus on what actually works for the betterment of the organization. If an MIS is added into the comparison then the amount of time saving that will benefit the organization will be tremendous because there is more time organism focused on the specific task at hand.The computer program can collect data from employees much faster than the alternative time consuming method of not taking advantage of the technology. The over-all term performance management is defined as the output of employees and groups individually. The employees may be divide into groups and departments within the organization as a whole. Therefore the performances can be evaluated much more effectively by knowing what everyones doing levels are and by gathering this information will definitely ease to improve the quality of production in the organization which will tether to good things for everyone.In order for the performance managem ent procedures to be put in place and do the job that they are needed to do there should be a performance definition make as soon as humanly possible because this knowledge will jock drive the rest of the tasking in sequence for what needs to be done for the organization.

Religion Definition Essay

1. What is a piety? Youve read our textbook authors comment employ that definition as a starting point to go further.The discussion organized religion is such a broad word that to this twenty-four hours on that point is no one definition that can satisfy completely religions. For the era organism, it is better to simply be open to many attainable definitions, with start embracing any single one. Different people especi tout ensembley in disparate religions provide all subscribe to a difference in opinion when trying to use very few words to rig religion. The traditional definition of religion is a system of belief that involves reverence of a god or gods, prayer, ritual, and a moral code.Religion is cardinal to many people because it gives them something to believe in. Religion helps military personnel deal with their mortality. As human organisms, we look to religion for answers to animatenesss unexpected or unknown questions such as death, pain, afterlife, or rebir th. Religion has a carriage of helping us deal with death and brooks comfort.Religion also helps us be creativity and posit ourselves through music, dance, and art. It gives us a smell of viewing life as something beautiful and lively. People who have a religion usually atomic number 18 more(prenominal) happy knowing that they life can reflect something of the supernatural that they do non understand. Through art, we attract to express how we are feeling on the inside. Many people use music, dance, and art to show another(prenominal)s what they cannot express through words. Religion gives them a intellect of confident.2. Discuss some of the characteristics that religions have in common.Some characteristics that religions have in common are belief system, community, central storys, ritual, characteristic emotional experiences, substantive expression, and sacredness. Not all religions will consist of all elements scarcely instead some of these characteristics are common ly accepted. Many believe in a worldview were all things in the universe and human being has a betoken in it. Humans need of belonging helps them run intok out for a community where they can belong too and share their ideals and practices. Many religions have this so people can rely on one another. early(a) characteristics that are shared in religions are passed wipe out from generations to generations through stories or reenactment of major events in the religious group. Each religion has its own myth that is central to the religion. Not only are myths passed down but rituals as well. These beliefs are enacted and made real through ceremonies. Also, ethics are passed down which are set guidelines for the group of people these are viewed as being revealed through a supernatural soil.Religions also allow people to express themselves emotionally and give a sense of inner peace that cannot experience from outer resources. Material expression allows religions to make use of astonis hing mixing of physical elements. Each religion has a source of sacredness that is distinctive from the ordinary. Ceremonies express the distinction through antithetic language, clothing, and architecture. Each tradition exhibit close of these characteristics but for those who practice them will manifest them in different ship canal and at different times.3. In addition to characteristics in common among religions, there are some patterns with regard to beliefs, world views, etc., that are exhibited by just about religions. Discuss these patterns. there are three different patterns that we look for to see similarity and difference among religions. The first pattern is views of the world and life. Religions must offer answers to lifes great questions that are asked. All questions are the same, but the answers very depending on the religion. Because of the great variety of worldview individually answer is different and must be examined close to get a better sagaciousness of why it is the charge it is. Some religion view the universe as being created by a Creator while others believe it has no generator and no ending. Some view nature as the realm of evil where it needs to be overcome. Others believe that humans are called to class it. Each view differs from religion to religion.The second pattern is the focus of beliefs and practices. There are three concepts that are practiced, although one whitethorn be more dominant than the other depending on the purpose of impressiveness. Sacramental orientation emphasizes carrying out rituals and ceremonies regularly and line uply as the path to salvation. Some believe that correct ritual influences the processes of nature. Prophetic orientation implies that a human being may be an all-important(a) intermediary between the believer and the sacred. This is prominent in Judaism, Protestant Christianity, and Islam. Mystical orientation seeks union with something greater such as divinity fudge, nature, the univers e, or reality as a whole. Upanishadi Hinduism, Daoism, and some Buddhism stress the importance of this.The third pattern is the view of male and female. As human being the role of men and women are very important and religion has had some(prenominal) to say about the roles of men and women on earth and in the comprehend realm. Today many influential religions consider the male as harness the sacred and full-time religious specialists are usually males. Although this may not be completely true, in the past, female divinities once played an important role in many culture and religion.4. Having converseed in last calendar weeks Discussion Board postings your own reasons for taking this World Religions course, discuss some of the benefits of studying the major religions of the world cited by our textbook author. perusing the different religions around the world allows for a better understanding of each religion and helps educate and improve ones experience of other related subjects . When studying other religion it allows insights into the religious traditions such as values, relationships, personalities, and human creativity. Not only that but it gives the outsiders an appreciation for the things that are not obvious to the insider.Other benefits include insight into cursory life. Religions influence everyday life in many ways. Many people use religion for moral issues, on buildings, comic strips. The study of religion with help a person recognizes the religious influence everywhere. For someone who has no religion or is on their religious quest, understanding and studying the many different religions will help them find a place to belong too. Knowledge of the different religion will aid a person in their expedition of life.Short Answer Questions5. What is the gillyflower and meaning of the word religion?The origin of the word religion comes from the Latin roots re-, meaning again, and lig-, meaning conglutination or connect. The translation would then me an to join again, or to reconnect. This word suggests the joining of our natural, human world to the sacred world.6. What is the meaning of sacred? unspeakable is a God or gods that is set apart because of its holiness. These deities are considered suitable of spiritual respect or devotion.7. lay out and contrast monotheism and polytheism.Monotheism is the term that intend a belief in one God. Those who believe in God believe that He is all powerful, pure spirit, and not fully definable in words. Polytheism on the other hand means worship of or believing in many coexisting gods. These multiple gods may be fairly separate entities, each in charge of an aspect of reality, or they may be multiple manifestations of the same basic sacred reality.8. Define and contrast atheism and agnosticism.Atheism is the denial of the existence of any God or gods. Agnosticism is to argue that the existence of God cannot be proven.9. How are symbols used in religion?Symbols are important in religion b ecause religions are so varied in their teachings and in conflict with each other that symbols help express truth. Symbols are fairly concrete, ordinary, and universal that represents and helps human beings intensely experience something of greater difficulty.10. What is a sacrament? Give dickens or three examples of sacraments in a religion with which you are familiar.A sacrament is a religious rite or act seen as way of receiving Gods grace. In some mysterious way God uses physical things to bring about spiritual changes and give His grace. As a Christian, a few sacraments that we hold are baptism, communion, and fasting. These are all important in receiving Gods grace.11. Contrast linear and orbitual time in the study of religion.Linear time place an accent mark on creation, religions that believe in this is Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, time is very important. Linear time means moving in a straight line from the beginning of the universe to its end. In cyclical time, the universe simply moves through without end changes, which repeat themselves over grand periods of time. Buddhism believes time is cyclical and is not as crucial because ultimately the universe is not moving to a nett point.

Genetically Modified Food Essay

According to the U.S Department of Agriculture, overly known as agribusiness, in the United States much than 90% of soybeans, cotton, give, and certain other crops argon genetically engineered. GMOs be organisms that atomic number 18 introduced into plants or meat to alter their DNA. Their of import purpose is to create provender that can keep back many various environments and climates. The problem with GMOs is that they fix been shown to create health problems. For example, some substances have been shown to increase allergies and the run a risk of cancer. This is a huge problem for our country decline now but what is being done? Do people really know that GMOs are in their food? The US governance should impose stricter regulations on contractableally Modified Organisms (GMOs) because GMOs have not been powerful investigated. They pose numerous health risks to the consumers and large GMO corporations care only much(prenominal) or less the bottom lineprofitsand do not have the consumers best interest in mind.Regulations of GMOs have al guidances been an issue from the truly beginning. Since the Regan days, federal regulatory efforts have governed by what is known as the incorporate Framework for regulation of Biotechnology. The Coordinated Framework of Biotech believes in the idea that overseeing GMOs requires no new laws. An example of poor regulation method is the new genetically modified (GM) type of Kentucky bluegrass that pull up stakes be able to withstand the Roundup herbicide. The Approval was admitted by the US Department of Agriculture. The specify Pest cloak is the only regulation available to control GM crops. Which means that the USDA has no obligation to regulate GM Crops, the courts have no way of intervening an the biotech industry can do whatever it wants with absolutely no oversight at all. According to Doug Gurian-Sherman, senior scientist at the Union of concern Scientists Food and Environment Program, the documents released by the USDAs Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) along with the announcement portend a major change in how the feds will deal with genetically modified crops.(Philpott,Tom)Even though a percentage of consumers believe that there should be stronger regulations on GMOs food the other half believes that genetically modified food should not be forbiddancened but closely monitored.(Meade, Conner) Conor Meade an Ecology professor at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth believes that the assessment of the ecological risk posed by GM is a bad idea. With environmental and health concerns over GM Food, there has not been any scientific evidence that has determined that they are not safe. This is the counter argument for why there should be proceed research on GM foods in the United States. We should not ban GM research but continue to investigate the health risk factors that GMO foods pose to the consumers.There is an argument that states that Genetically E ngineered Crops will feed the sphere, Jeffrey Scott. Believes Genetic Engineering Is Natural and Should Be persuade. Coker further states In the United States and elsewhere, more than 90% of soybeans, cotton, corn, and certain other crops are Already genetically engineered, jibe to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Another example is Bt technology, which involves plants producing a protein from Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium that is cyanogenic to most insects. In Hawaii, for example, genetically engineered papaya trees have reclaimed the entire papaya industry. Researchers at the University of California-Riverside and the International Rice Research wreak have created varieties of rice that can withstand being submerged underwater for almost two weeks, which can save crops during years of flooding. Genetic technology will allow crops of the future to be better tasting, more nutritious, more tolerant of environmental stresses, and less allergenic. Foods will also last durable before spoiling, allowing food to be distributed more easily.Biotech industries claim that genetically engineered (GE) crops will help agriculture become mores sustainable and help stop world hunger. In reality, most GE crops are designed to allow more herbicides, such as Monsabtos Roundup, which causes local farmers to use more toxic herbicides, not less. A 2010 Chemical Research in Toxicology study strand that glyphosate-basedherbicides caused highly abnormal deformities and neurological problems in vertebrates. Another study be that glyphosate caused DNA damage to human cells even at lower pictorial matter levels than recommended by the herbicides manufacturer.( Debra A. Miller) By 2009, nearly all (93 percent) U.S. soybeans and four-fifths (80 percent) of corn cultivated were grown from seeds covered by Monsanto patents. Biotech corn seed prices change magnitude 9 percent annually between 2002 and 2008 soybean seed prices pink wine 7 percent annually. By 2009, Roun dup Ready soybean seeds cost in two ways as much as conventional seeds. Which makes you think how will ontogenesis countries afford the seeds or even consider GM seeds because of the health risk. Biotech companies also sued farmers that allegedly violated their patents. By 2007, Monsanto had filed 112 lawsuits against U.S. farmers for patent infringement, recovering between $85.7 and $160.6 million. Biotech companies are not solving the problem but inly making it worse. (Ed. Debra A. Miller)

Reflection Using The Gibb’s Reflective Cycle model Essay

In sight to protagonist me with my reflection I provoke chosen Gibbs (1988), as the model to help guide my thoughtful assist. This model comprises of a process that helps the one-on-one look at a blank space and think ab fall out their thoughts and persuasions at the time of the fortuity. Reflective skills help us to think about what could engender been d mavin, so that if a sympathetic patch occurs again the experience gained can be used to get over with the situation in a captain manner (Palmer et al 1997). To alter me to use this situation for my reflection the patient volition be referred to as mob. This is in order that his real name is protected and that confidentially maintained in line with the An Bord Altranais Code of Professional Conduct (2000). jam, a seventeen year old boy was admitted with a fractured wrist who suffers with schizophrenia. James condition caused him to suffer delusions and hallucinations which made him act inappropriately towards othe r(a) patients and staff. He found it hard to relax and paced the ward a pickle. throng eer needed reassurance and would inquire other patients and staff if he was all right. His question involved wanting to fill in if he was in issue and if his mall balls were ok.E in truth(prenominal)one would reply to his questions by look yes mob you argon all right, your eyeballs ar fine and no you are not in any trouble, only when this was not enough, you a homogeneous had to give the thumbs up as sound to assure him that he was fine. When pile became agitated he would act out by bearinging people. Due to his small size and light weight, the kick was e rattlingdayly light and didnt hurt but sometimes it had expertness in it. This acting out led me to question my preceptor if Jamess kicking was behavioural or part of the illness and why it hadnt been dealt with. My preceptor relayed to me that the nurses had used various techniques including behavioural therapy to stop Jamess k icking but cipher had worked. Doctors had besides tried a number of different drugs to help James with his schizophrenia but nothing had worked for him in that location either. He had been taking Clozaril for a few months but it was not doing anything for his psychotic symptoms.James was even sent to the Maudsley hospital in England (a world leader in psychiatry research) to see if they could help him or if they had any ideas that could help him in his treatment but experts were mystified with him there in any case. Mealtimes were a very difficult process with James. If he could get external with it, he would never eat. He would play around with his food, smell it, ask if it was poisoned and ask variousquestions to distract the nurse from what he or she was try to do (which was trying to get James to eat). It was a very windy task for the nurse in go against of him that day to get him to eat. The nurses unceasingly handled it professionally and with a lot of diligence. Us ually by the end of the meal James had eaten almost half of it and so would also have to beverage a fortisip later to make up for his lack of dietary intake. unmatched evening after a long and tiring day, the nurse in charge of James was busy and I was put in charge of him ingest his dinner.As wonted(prenominal) the task was very hard and James didnt seem to take me very serious. I tried to imitate what I had seen the other nurses do but James would hardly affect his food. He even began spitting out his food on the surface and this really disgusted me. I tried not to let him k right a bearing what I was thinking and behave like a professional. I also tried to encourage him by scaning come on now James, just a lesser bit more and he did the usual by trying to distract me and asking questing like Am I dead, Ive no eyes, but I wasnt having it. This process went on for what seemed like an eternity and I was beginning to get very frustrated. I finally give tongue to to him, if you dont eat your food, Im goanna have to feed you like a little impair. I indeed took his fork, scooped up some food and held it in introductory of him. I then said now open your mouth. It was then that it finally dawned on me what I was doing and I immediately stopped. I was alter with embarrassment as I recognised the implications of my natural processs. I glanced around at the other tables to see if the other nurses and patients had seen or heard me, but they had not. I felt very glad that no one had witnessed my actions but also very ashamed of myself for what I had done. James didnt seem very bothered by me and carried on with his questions. I was glad he didnt seem angry or upset by what I had said but I also wondered if my actions had an do on his unconscious feelings.When I had first adage James I was very intimidated and a little scared of him because he was very confrontational and tended to lash out. What was unattackable about this experience was that I had fin ally gotten over my fear of him. By challenging him to eat, I felt more imperative and empowering. Kilkus (1993) claims that using assertive behaviour in nursing, empowers the nurse and is an invaluable component in the profession. The controvert side to this incident was that I became too forceful and domineering. By saying to him Im goanna have to feed you like a little baby was very sarcastic of meand subconsciously I was even gibelike him. It also could have made James associate food with electronegative feelings and that would have set the nurses back in their progress with getting him to eat. Jacobsson et al (2004) asserts that food psychologically, can be associated with positive feelings of well-being and comfort or it can be associated with negative feelings of sorrow or burden.Although James did not react to what I had said, this did not pie-eyed he did not address it. It is common for schizophrenia sufferers to appear as though they have a lack of feelings. This is s o, due to damaged pathways connecting the brain to facial expressions. Although it is possible that these feelings cannot be expressed, emotions are felt inside (Kring et al. 1993). James may not have understood the underlying meaning of what I was saying to him but we as human beings can convey and relate to others through expressions, gestures and body language. Whether one comprehends what you are saying or not, one can understand what you are really saying by how you hold yourself, showing how you feel and sometimes what you are thinking (Kozier et al. 2004). James often had trouble communicating what he wanted to say, which is a common aspect of the illness (Kring et al. 1993), and would often purge out words that made no sense to us.Sometimes he would talk about something that meant something else entirely different, for instance he might say Am I dead, Ive no eyes but would mean I am worried about something. Only the other nurses would bop what he meant as they had experi ence with James over time. That evening musical composition trying to get James to eat, he said Am I dead, Ive no eyes and I took it as one of his usual ramblings that meant nothing. I should not have taken it at face measure and tried to understand where it was coming from. If I am to become an utile nurse in the future I must(prenominal) have unafraid conversation skills with my patients. Only through good communication skills will I be able to establish the patients usual forms of communication and social interactions and identify any difficulties the patient may be experiencing. I must also learn how to treat the patient as an individual with their own individual postulate and concerns (Taylor et al. 2008).By saying to James Im goanna have to feed you like a little baby was very belittling of me. Perhaps a subconscious part of me was annoyed by his disease and I just did not want to deal with it.Eventually, when I become a staff nurse I will have to deal with psychiatric patients, and so I must learn to be open to thepatient (whether they have schizophrenia, Bipolar or any other psychiatric illness) by not having any prejudicial thoughts or perceptions. I must learn to show acceptance and respect (Browne, 1993). I was feeling very tired that evening and so because I was tired, I was belike a little irritable as well. Due to the way I felt and having the tedious task of getting James to eat, I may have acted in a way that I would not have, if I had not been tired. How nurses feel when they are tired may negatively advert their judgment and increase patient errors (Townsend &Anderson, 2009).Once I am a measure up staff nurse I am sure there will be days where I will be feeling very tired but that does not mean using the way I feel as a means to justify my actions. I must be a professional at all times, tired or not. Nursing is a professional practice that is constantly evolving (Fasoli, 2010), and I as a nurse must act as a professional if I am to succeed in the profession.As a scholar nurse I need try to understand why James did not want to eat. One of the telltale signs of people with schizophrenia disorders is a deterioration in self-care skills. Individuals with the illness may not be interested in eating, may distrust the food and/or maybe too busy to eat or take care of themselves (Brooking et al. 1996). I was not taking this into consideration when I was trying to get him to eat his dinner. As a novice in the nursing profession, I could put this incident shoot down to inexperience (Benner,1984). I could also put this experience down to bad judgement and bad communication skills on my behalf. Communication is not only the foundation of humanity but it is also the most significant aspect of nurse-patient interactions (Taylor et al. 2008). I should not have tried to force James to eat. I should have kept trying to convince him to eat in a positive and understanding way (just like how I saw his nurse do before). By fo rcing James to eat I acted like a bully and could have subconsciously made him associate eating with negative feelings (Jacobsson et al. 2004).I also could have shown more patience and empathy towards James. As a student nurse I must have patience and empathy for patients and also be sensitive to the patients psychological needs (Scully & Dallas, 2005). If this situation were to happen again, I would first seek my self-awareness. According to Bulman & Schutz, (2004, p.29) Self-awareness may be described as the foundation skill upon which reflective practice is built. It enables the nurse to view themselves in a specific situation and monitor what effect heor she has on the situation and what effect the situation is having on him or her. Nurses with a healthy self-awareness are seeming to have a positive effect on patient care. Having a good sense of self-awareness is also necessary for creating therapeutic relationships with ones patients. As a student nurse I must also learn to c ommunicate to the patient with knowledge and awareness in order to strive for the best for them. Through self-awareness I would have realised that I was tired and kept in mind not to let it have a negative effect on the patient.This is also another way to describe reflection in action. It is whereby the practitioner recognises a situation or problem and thinks about it while still carrying out an action (Schon, 1987). Also if this situation were to happen again I would remember what I had learned by my previous experience. My experience with James has taught me a lot about self-awareness, communicating effectively, empathy, patience, having a comprehension of the patients illness, respect, empowerment, not putting my feelings before the patients and staying positive. When this incident occurred I wanted to bury my brain under the sand and wish that it never happened, but now I am grateful that it did happen because it gave me an opportunity to look deeper into the situation and dee per into myself. use the Gibbs Reflective Cycle model (Gibbs, 1988), has helped me to analyse what took place and examine my own insight and take on what happened. This experience was a scholarship curve for me as a novice and it will be effective to my accomplishment experience as I have many learning needs as a student nurse. I know realise that only through experience and reflection will I be able to learn from them(Benner, 1984).

Concert Essay

For this plan report I chose to go to a performance of scholar composers held at YUANZE UNIVERSITY auditorium in building 6. I chose this one because I wanted to see some of the talent that my peers have in the music realm, and in like manner it was one of the only concerts I have been able to attend because of spiritual restrictions. It was impressive to hear tack togethers composed by students. I cannot imagine creating something as complex as a musical composition, much less rattling performing it, so this aspect of the concert was particularly awe-inspiring.There was a large attendance, and I think that much of the audience consisted of friends of the performers and some of the university students. I went with two friends, who werent so eager to go I had to convince them by telling it would be interesting to see student performers/composers. The jump foot was called Oblique/musique composed by Patrick Swanson. This piece instantly stood emerge among the others because of the instruments involved. The piece was performed by two populate one playing a vibraphone and the other playing a large drum/cymbal/gong.However, the piece also contained prerecorded sounds of static, bass, and an incoherent voice. In this piece the melody was repeated many times. It was similar to the works of John Adams because of its repetitions, background recording, and minimalistic sounds. The second piece was a piano composition called something Afternoon I didnt rightfully get the title. This piece had a very relaxing melody and a mild tempo. It was not fast and not slow. It was an experience of a lifetime. I listened to a genre of music I never had listened to.At the concert two throng performed already leaving the audience wanting for more. I also noticed that in the back of the auditorium in that respect was a television camera crew filming the whole performance. The auditorium was very elegant looking. The majority of the people in the audience were young people in their twenties. Thats what I expected, it being in a college and all. The hall was rather big for much(prenominal) a small performance. It could fit approximately three hundred people and in the performance floor there was a piano a chair for the pianist and a table with a jar and a glass of water.The songs performed in the concert were all mixed up in the midst of andante and allegro. Most of the songs went from andante to allegro. It was divided into quintuple acts. Four of the five acts were homophonic and the other act was polyphonic. The performers were dressed very elegantly. There was close to thirty people in attendance and they were dressed in there normal attire. Also the majority of the concert was in the dissonant form. in truth rarely I saw a consonant song playing.The doings of the performers was that they were very concentrated in their work. Keeping aware and avoiding all mistakes if likely The pianist was really young for his professionalism, he was really professional, played stunningly well. He gave the audience feelings of anger, distressfulness, and joy. The flutist also played brilliantly. Lastly the utterer was the best part. She had a very high pitched voice interpret both high and low parts. Sang both happy and sad parts. Gave the crowd mixed up feelings.

Zoology Chordata Vertebrates

hunt cheat (Rhincodon typus) Kingdom animal kingdomPhylum ChordataSubphylum Vertebrata ramify Chondrichthyes ( rubber interchangeable fish)Subclass subclass Selachii ( chisels and rays)Order OrectolobiformesFamily RhincodontidaeGenus RhincodonSpecies Rhincodon typus Integumentary corpse Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus) has the toughest and thickest skin of exclusively the animals in the world. It eye socketes up to 14 cm of thick behemoth chisel is pale on the have the st argumentsside and dark gray- brownness color with white spots on the top. This tramp serve as a camouflage sounding up or down the ocean for sharks forgos (SRI, 2008).As wholly the former(a) Chondrichtyes, Whale Shark skin is covered with little cartilaginous tooth-like structures, this be dermal placoid scales arranged to reduce the turbulence of peeing flowing a big the carcass go on during swimming (Hickman, 2006). Whale shark master(prenominal)tains internal salt concentrations lower than ocean weewee by pumping salt turn up finished rectal g shoot downs and kidneys. Sharks retain urea dissolved in their organic structure fluids. They too kindle Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) use to cling to their proteins from denaturation by urea run by products.Retention of this organic solutes in their personate fluids makes their osmolality slightly hypertonic to sea water (Hickman, 2008) Whale Sharks ar ect new(prenominal)mic this room that their eubstance temperature is similar to the surroundings. They whitethorn regulate their remains temperature by behavioral mechanism such as spending time in warmer surface water (Thumbs, 2012). Musculo-Skeletal carcass As menti geniusd, Whale Shark is an elasmobranch the skeleton of this animal is make come to the fore of cartilage instead of bone. This a ache with the big stopr make full with oil champions the shark to float easier an spend less energy on its movement (SRI, 2008).They withal posses an pelvic fins fight downe d by appendicular skeletons, abaxial fins, a medial caudal fin and a median anal retentive fin. The heterocercal drop back in sharks shows that the upturned tail axis tends to produce a fuddle directed downwards behind the center of residue of the fish and thus gives a moment turning the head upwards. This is countered in twain waysby the rotation of the tail along its longitudinal axis during each lateral beat, and through the action of the ventral hypochordal lobe.The embodiment of the tail and the mode of action of the tail in completely sharks so far considered reflects a balance between these three factors, in both of them the net effect creation the production of a forward thrust from the tail that passes directly through the center of balance of the fish (Stewart, Keith and Simanek, Dan, 2012). public discussion System Whale Shark possesses 5 pair of gill slits fixed on the side of their heads (SRI, 2008). Water must continually flow crosswise the gill slits in or der for the shark to breath They do non save gill covers like bony fishes do, so whale shark need to continually swim for constant flow.When water passes over the gill, a dodging of in truth fine beginning vessels takes up the type O from the water. digestive System Whale Shark is a imbue feeder. As it swims with its oral cavity open, masses of water filled with prey enter to its m forthh consisted of 5 large gill arches. After closing its m placeh, shark uses special(a)ized variety meat called gill rakers to filter the nourishment from the water. Basically allthing that does non pass money box the gills is eaten. (SRI, 2008). Preys may include plankton, krill, midget fish and even squid. This shark bottom of the inning transition over 6000 liters of water each our.urinary System Urea and trimethylamine (TMAO) in their blood and tissues help to maintain their osmotic balance. They atomic number 18 without the usual urinary tract, so they concentrate urea in their bl ood and excrete it through their skin (Hickman, 2006). procreative System According to the Shark research institute, counterpart behavior is uncertain. In their article Whale Shark FAQ they state exactly one pregnant egg-producing(prenominal) shark has ever been exani duplicated by scientist Dr. Jennifer V. Schmidt, film director of SRI genetics Program (12). The only pregnant egg-producing(prenominal) caught ontained in her tween womb 307 embryos measuring between 42 and 63 cm in distance, 15 where fully- developed and ready to born. Having this information whale sharks where appoint to fall into the classification of ovoviviparous. This information also suggests that Whale Sharks could be one of the nigh productive live bearing shark species. But it remain unknown why their population is excellent. Sexual maturity in whale sharks may occur until they reach to the mellowest degree 9 meters long which is about 30 eld old. Whale sharks live for about 70 to 800 years. (S RI, 2009) bull capture (genus Rana castabeiana) Kingdom AnimalPhylum Chordate Class Amphibians Order Salientia Family Ranidae Genus Rana Species Rana catesbeiana (Bull salientian) Integumentary system Frog skin is thin and broadly attached to some(prenominal) of the muscles in the body. It is composed the skin is known to be permeable, which means that let the water pass in and out through the skin membrane. Bullfrogs skin is periodically shed as former(a) frogs and toads do. The epidermis of the Bullfrog contains two types of glands mucous glands, which help to protect the frog from dehydration and a large serous of glands that produce watery, toxicant material (Hickman, 2006).Musculo-skeletal system As many contrastivewisewise amphibians bullfrogs live mainly in fresh water, but they can also migrate to separate pounds lakes or reservoirs specially when is rainy or hummed. Bullfrogs have a well-developed endoskeleton do out principle of bone and some cartilage this provide s support for mesomorphic movements (Hickman 2006). Bullfrog tent to develop fast(a) and big muscles used for travelling outside or inside the water. Bullfrogs as most of the other frogs and toads, are faced with an unusual locomotory challenge. They have to swim and jump using primary(a) the hind limbs.The foot possess cardinal rays and hand posses fore rays. back(prenominal) limbs and fore limbs posses a web-like structure to help frog locomotion also in water (Nauwalaerts, Sandra et al, 2007). Respiratory system Bullfrogs as many other amphibians use three respiratory surfaces for gas transpose skin, mouth, and lungs. In bullfrogs lungs are present in adults (Hickman, 2006). On land Bullfrogs breath with their mouths closed. Bullfrogs present a positive lung pressure for breathing (Heckman, 2007). Their throat movements pull air through the nostrils to the lungs. Then breathe out with body contractions.Bullfrogs can also take a breath under the water through the skin using a process called cutaneous gas exchange. They use their skin for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange (Stinner N, Jerry, and Shoemaker, H. Vaughan, 1987) digestive system Bullfrogs are voracious eaters, and allow eat muchover about any animal they can swallow. These include insects, crayfish, worms, minnows, other frogs (even Bullfrogs), small turn turtles, snakes, featherbed birds, and small mammals. They are most active at night. The frog digestive system, like most other digestive systems, starts in the mouth.Prey, which is sometimes caught by the frogs sticky tongue, is diced by tooth-like structures in the mouth. The nutriment then moves down through the esophagus, into the stomach, where, much like in the shark, the nutrient is softened, broken down somewhat, and stored. From the stomach, food moves into the small intestine, where the most of the chemical digestion (i. e. the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, the liver secretes bile, etc. ) and nutrient absorption take pla ce. One special attribute of the frog small intestine is that it has villi, small projections that greatly ncrease the surface area of the small intestine, allowing more nutrient absorption. Urinary system The urinary system of Bullfrogs as most of the frogs is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. The kidney excretes and re-absorbs electrolytes (e. g. sodium, potassium and calcium) under the influence of local and systemic hormones. pH balance is regulated by the excretion of bound acids and ammonium ions. procreative system Bullfrogs are known to be oviparous and breeding occurs in permanent bodies of water that typically contain thick grows of algae and rooted aquatic plants.Breeding pools usually are rich in aquatic animal action and have a soft mud bottom (Hammerson, Geoffrey A, 1999). They initiate amplexus by making physical contact with an adult male. Amplexus and oviposition generally last from 15 min to 2. 5 hours and occur about midnight. Bullfro gs have found to mate and lay eggs in areas outside the sites defended by calling males. (Hammerson, Geoffrey A, 1999). verdancy sea turtle ( order Chelonia mydas) Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Reptilia Order Testudines (turtles and tortoises)? Family Cheloniidae (true sea turtles)? Genus Chelonia?Species Chelonia mydas Integumentary System Green sea turtles, as all the turtles species have evolved a bony outer shell, which protects them from predators. This shell covers twain abaxial and ventral surfaces and it is consider the most highly developed preventive armor of any vertebrate species to have ever lived. (Green sea Turtles, 2001). The dorsal portion of the shell is known as carapace and it is covered with a large scale-like structures called scutes. The ventral portion of the shell is known as the plastron. This two structures are connected by hard shelled plates called lateral bridges.A difference of land turtles and tortoises, sea turtles a re not able to retract their heads into their shells, and they heads remain out at all times (Green sea turtles, 2001) Green sea turtles are ectothermic animals, which means that they regulate their internal temperature from their environment, this also explains why this turtles live in warm temperatures. Chelonia mydas maintain homeostasis using a vary gland called salt gland it helps them controlling their internal environment and it is placed just behind each eye. Using this gland they excrete the additional of salt levels in blood in forms of tears. Green Sea Turtles, 2001). Musculo-skeletal system The skeleton is composed of bones and cartilages. Typically, it is divided into 3 main parts the skull, axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton in sea turtles, each of these bony groups is a composite of several structures. The skull includes the braincase, jaws, and hyoid implement the axial skeleton is composed of the carapace, vertebrae, and ribs and the derivatives of the r ibs. The plastron is a composite including derivatives of the axial and appendicular skeleton (ventral ribs plus shoulder elements).The appendicular skeleton includes the flippers, hind limbs, and their livelihood structures (the pectoral and pelvic girdles). (Wyneken, 2001. ) Sea turtles are interesting because they have very highly evolved flippers to help them propel through the water. In addition to being able to propel themselves through the water, the sea turtles use their flippers to climb up steep, rocky shores and can use their flippers to evade all sorts of different predators of the sea turtles. While sea turtles all have the same basic anatomy, thither are some things that set some species of sea urtles apart from other sea turtles. For example, Green sea turtles have prefrontal scales on the head, a differing number of scutes on the carapace, and the type of inframarginal scutes that appear on the pastron. (Wtbeken, 2001. ) Respiratory system The sea turtle petitions a respiratory system that is able to support it through diverse depths and distances. Due to sea turtless excessive breath-hold, the respiratory system must be able to compensate for time elapsed without exit. When exhalation does occur, it is brief. The main component that bears the respiratory weightiness is essentially the lung.The lung, functions as the study oxygen store and can supply sufficient oxygen for most routine dives (up to 20 mins) to be aerobic (Lutz, 1985). Moreover, the lung almost carries the complete cargo of respiration in the sea turtle. The respiratory properties of sea turtle blood are particularly well suited to lung-tissue transport during routine brethhold periods, live on prolonged dives of at least three hours by having a high anaerobic capacity (Lutz, 1985). A difference of the amphibians, turtles posses a negative lung preassure. digestive systemGreen sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, get their name from the color of their body fat, which is blue jet from the algae or limu they eat. Adult green sea turtles are herbivores, moment that they eat only plants, and therefore do not pose a threat to any other marine animals. Juvenile green sea turtles on the other hand are carnivorous. Their diet consists of jellyfish and other invertebrates (Green sea turtles, 2001). Although the carapaces of green sea turtles are mostly dark brown in color, they can be covered with patches of algae on which fishes in turn feed (Green sea turtles, 2001).This particular relationship of the fish eating algae off the turtles shell would be considered a form of mutualism. Urinary System The excretory system of the turtle is responsible for removing harmful negates from the turtles body and blood. The kidney of the turtle performs the blood filtering process and the wastes are then sent to the vesica as urine. In sea turtles the kidneys are also aided by the salt gland to get rid of the excess salt in the sea water (Green Sea Turtles, 2001). The vesic a is the storage place of the urine. From the bladder the urine goes to the cloaca, which is where urine leaves the body.The cloaca is also used to take in oxygen and other nutrients in sea turtles when they reach critical levels. Reproductive System Although green sea turtles live most of their lives in the ocean, adult distaffs must return to land in order to lay their eggs. Biologists hope that nesting female turtles return to the same beach where they were born. Hawaiis green sea turtles migrate as far as 800 miles from their feeding areas along the coasts of the main Hawaiian islands to their nesting beaches in the Northwestern Hawaiian islands (Green Sea Turtles, 2001).Males accompany the females during the migration, which usually occurs in the late spring, and mate with them off the shores of the nesting beaches. Females do not mate each year, but when they do, they come ashore often- as many as five times every 15 twenty-four hourss to make nests in the spine and lay eggs. Green sea turtles nest only at night. The female must pull herself out of the water and all the way to the run dry sand of the upper beach using only her front flippers. This is a difficult task as her front limbs have been modified into highly effective swimming flippers, and do not support the bulk of her weight in the sand.After placing the eggs female basically has completed her parenting job, then she returns to the sea leaving her youngs to fend for them-selves. Unfortunately, not all of the hatchlings reach the ocean. Many are snatched up by hungry crabs and other predators along the way or become lost and die. In addition, some are eaten by sharks and other carnivorous fishes while at sea. still a few baby turtles from each nest will move into adulthood. catamount (Panthera Onca) Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata SubPhylum Vertebrata Class Mamalia Subclass Theria Infraclass EutheriaOrder order Carnivora Suborder Feliformia Family Felidae Subfamily Pantherinae Genus Panthera Species Panthera onca Integumentary system Mammals bodies are covered by hairs, tegumentary features that contribute to the regulation of body temperature. In the skin there are a quantity of sweat glands and soapy or oil glands that help to keep the skin in total health by lubricating it and eliminating toxic byproducts through the sweat. In addition to this excreting function, the sweat contributes to thermo-regulation, cooling the surface through evaporation.In addition to hairs, the skin grows other structures, such as nails, claws or hooves as well as the horns and pachydermal foot pads of certain mammals. Heterodontia is characteristic of mammals, that is to say that they have teeth of different structure, as opposed to homodontia, in which all the teeth are alike. Musculo-skeletal system The jaguar is a large and muscular animal that has a heavier and sturdier body than that of a Leopard. They have a large, broad head with jaws so well-set that they are said to have the most powerful bite of all the worlds Cats. Jaguar, 2008). They are also fast runners, but they get tired quickly. They can also climb very well and are good swimmers. (Felines, 2002) The cougars skeleton is not so different from the adult male skeleton. Jaguars have more bones and many are identical to those in the human being. They have have 13 ribs humans have 12. They also do have clavicles but unlike humans, they are not attached to other bones. The outside of a bone, the cortex, is composed of minerals and protein and gives the bone its rigidity. Inside the bone is the kernel cavity that produces red blood cells.Jaguars muscles are tough and well-coordinated and help to make the animal an agile hunter. Basically, jaguars muscles are designed for walking, running, leaping, and twisting. Their muscular control and skeletal flexibility enable it to right its body during a fall with incredible speeda trick that is whimsical to the family felidae. Respiratory System Th e respiratory system functions primarily to transfer oxygen from the air to the blood and to remove carbon dioxide from the blood and carry it out of the body into the air. Oxygen is vital to the bodys maintenance.Carbon dioxide is a waste product of the maintenance process. Jaguar breathes in air through its schnozzle and mouth. The nose and mouth join to form the pharynx. The trachea is a organ pipe that extends from the pharynx to the lungs. The epiglottis covers the trachea when swallowing occurs to prevent food and water from entering the lungs. At the lungs the trachea branches into small tubes called bronchi or bronchial tubes. The bronchi divide into smaller and smaller bronchioles until they become dead end sacs called alveoli. It is in the alveoli where the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur.Digestive system The jaguar is a carnivore. It hunts mostly at night. Its prey includes capybara, peccaries, deer, large ground birds, fish, snakes, turtles and rabb its. It will also eat livestock like horses, cows and sheep. The jaguar hunts mostly on the ground, but it sometimes climbs a tree and pounces on its prey from above. The jaguar has very powerful jaws and slap-up teeth and usually kills its prey with one crushing bite to the skull. ( Jaguar, 2008) Jaguars digestive system is comprised of the nourishing canal and accessory glands.The alimentary canal consists of the lips, mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The accessory glands are the liver, pancreas, and the salivary glands. any the variety meat mildew to process the food a cat eats. The intestines work to extract and absorb the nutrients and eliminate the wastes. (Foss, A. Michael, et al, 2008) Urinary System The important organs of the cats urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys are located on either side of the body in the lumbar piece (between ribs and pelvis).Blood is filtered through th e kidneys and the liquid waste product is called urine. Urine is passed through the ureters to the bladder where it is stored. The urine is then discharged through the urethra, a tube connecting the bladder to the exterior of the body. (Foss, A. Michael, et al, 2008) Reproductive system Despite the fact that most Jaguar cubs are generally born between the months of December and March, it is not fantastic for them to be born at other times of the year. During the mating season, the female Jaguar will use loud vocal calls to attract a male into her territory. Female Jaguars typically give birth to two or three cubs.Once their cubs are born however, the female Jaguar will not tolerate the male in her territory as she becomes very custodial of her young at this stage. Jaguar cubs are born blind and crystalise their sight after about two weeks. They are weaned by their mother when they are around 3 months old, although the cubs will rely on their mother to hunt and provide for them un til they are about 6 months old. At 6 months, the Jaguar cubs will then start to accompany the female jaguar on hunts but will not venture out on their own until they are one or two years old and have established a territory for themselves. Jaguar, 2008) Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) Kingdon Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Psittaciformes Family Pisttacinae Genus Ara Lacepede, 1799 Species Ara macao slipstream Ara macao cyanopterus Integumentary system Scarlet macaws are brightly sullen birds with feathers ranging in color bands from scarlet on their head and shoulders, to yellow on their back and mid wing feathers and blue on the wing tips and tail feathers. The face has short white feathers. This area surrounds the light yellow glowering eyes. The long, thick beak is light on the top and dark fateful on the bottom.The legs and feet are also black (David, 2003) gentlewomans are endothermal, or warm-blooded. That means they have an internal furnace, fueled by foo d, that generates heat and allows them to keep their bodies at a constant temperature, even though the temperature of their environment changes. Birds are also able to regulate their body temperature by conserving or losing heat through a variety of ways - feathers help retain heat, while trousering helps get rid of heat. (Bird Life, 2008) Musculo-skeletal system Macaws are the largest parrots in the world the body of the scarlet macaw from beak to tail can be as long as 33 inches.This beautiful macaw has a creamy white, almost unfledged face, with bright red plumage covering most of its body, wings and long tail. Brilliant blue and yellow feathers also adorn the lower wings. The birds strong beak is adapted to breaking hard nuts found in the rainforest. (David, 2003) Respiratory system The high metabolism and athletic life-style of birds require a great deal of oxygen. Four organs work in concert to carry oxygen to the cells nostrils, trachea, lungs, and air sacs. With each brea th, air moves through the nostrils, down the trachea and into the lungs and air sacs. From the lungs, xygen passes into the bloodstream and then to the body cells. The air that passes into the air sacs cools the internal organs and helps maintain body temperature. Nearly all of the air in the lungs is replaced with each breath. When flying, birds require ten to twenty times more oxygen than at rest. To supply the extra oxygen, birds increase their breathing rates. (Bird Life, 2008) Digestive system Wild Scarlet Macaws mostly eat fruits and seeds, including large, hard seeds. like other parrots, they are seed predators, they destroy the seeds that they eat and do not disperse them. Some macaws are sometimes seen eating clay from river banks. Bird Life, 2008 Since birds have no teeth, the digestive system must grind up food so that the energy stored in it can be used. A hollow digestive tube extends from the mouth through the entire length of the body to an external opening called th e cloaca. The tube is divided into the throat (pharynx), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Urinary system The urinary system of birds is different from mammals, as birds produce both urine and urates. The kidneys possess two different types of nephrons, the units that filter the blood to remove toxins and products of metabolism.Birds cannot concentrate their urine as well as mammals can. Birds also are uricotelic, meaning that they excrete the end product of due north metabolism as uric acid, which is made in the liver and they excreted from the blood. uric acid is the creamy white portion of the dropping. Urine is the clear portion. The pot constitute the third portion of a dropping, and this consists of the solid portion, usually brown or green, depending on what the bird has been eating. A bird is able to cause independently of defecating, or passing feces, but most of the time, the bird will pass urine, urates and feces at the same time. Bird Life 2008 ) Reproductive system Like most parrots, the female Scarlet Macaw lays 2 to 4 white eggs in a tree cavity. The young hatch after 24 to 25 days. They fledge about 105 days later and leave their parents a year later. (bird life, 2008) The scarlet macaw protects its baby by staying in the nest with the baby or babies and being aware of any type of danger. It pinches predators with its beak and screams noises for help when a predator wants to eat the baby and/ or female. The female stays with the baby 1-2 years. It stays most of the day and the male fetch food for the baby or babies. Brightsmith, 2004) Works cited Shark Research Institute. Whale Shark FAQ. Dlvingdog productions Inc. Nov 2006. Shark Research Institute. November 7, 2012. (Greey Literature) Thums, Michele. Why Whale Sharks Need to Swim Near the Surface. PHYS. ORG. Benson Jhon, October 19, 2012. Web. November 7, 2012. (Gray literature) Stewart, Keith and Simanek, Dan. Body Form and traveling in Sharks. Integrative and Comp arative Biology Vol 17. 2 (2012) 343-354. Print (Scientific Journal) Roberts, Hickman, et al. combine Principles of Zoology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2006.Print Hammerson, Geoffrey A. Amphibians and Reptiles in Colorado, A Colorado Field Guide. Niwot, Colorado University struggle of Colorado, 1999. Print Nauwalaerts, Sandra et al. Morphological correlates of aquatic and terrestrial locomotion in semi-aquatic frog. Journal of Anatomy. Vol. 210. 3 (2007) 304-317. Print. (Journal) Stinner N, Jerry, and Shoemaker, H. Vaughan. Cutaneous gas exchange and low evaporative water loss in the frogs. Journal of Comparative Physiology B Biochemical, Systemic, and environmental Physiology. Vol 157. 4 (1987) 423-427.Print. (journal) Earthtrust. 2001. Green sea turtles. Retrieved November 7, 2012, from website http//earthrust. org/wlcurruc/turtles. html Wyneken, J. 2001. The Anatomy of Sea Turtles. U. S. surgical incision of Commerce NOAA Thechnical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-470, 1-172. Print Lu tz, P. L. and T. B. Bentley. 1985. Respiratory Physiology of Diving in the Sea Turtle. Copeia. 3 671-679 Felines. UXL Encyclopedia of Science. 2002. Encyclopedia. com. 10 November, 2012 Jaguar. OpenCrypt membership software. 2008. Web. November 9, 2012. Foss, A. Michael, et al. Cat Anatomy and Physiology. 4-H callowness Development. 4. 3. (2008) 210-267. Print Jukofsky, Diane. Encyclopedia of Rainforests. Connecticut Oryx Press, 2002. Alderton, David (2003). The ultimate encyclopedia of caged and volary birds. London, England Hermes House. p. 234. BirdLife International 2008. Ara macao. In IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. recitation 2009. 1. . Brightsmith, D. 2004. Macaws, their Nesting Sites and the Macaw Project (On-line). Rainforest Expeditions. at http//www. perunature. com/info01. asp.