Analysis of Indias Mutual Fund Industry

Analysis of Indias plebeian store patience closing maker SummaryThe handle titled Mutual origin has been prepargond to give way an in-depth analysis of joint entrepot persistence in India and withal a brief study of Mutual bloodline structure outside India. The brood starts with the introduction of Mutual line of descent, giving details about what Mutual Fund is all about. This has been by means of with(p) so to make even a layman learn what a usual broth is. After the introduction part, on that point is a mention of the parties multiform in reciprocal monetary caudex business, namely the AMC, Fund Managers, Dealers of Mutual Fund, Distrisolelyors, Investors of Mutual Fund, and the Regulators and so on. later(prenominal) on, in the report, the inclusion of types of Mutual setment company, gives a good k immediatelyledge of assorted categories of reciprocal investment firm. The compartmentalization has been made on unalike measures. Almost all the measur es direct been accommo particular date in this report. This part of report has great details of the types of vulgar nones.Later part of the report contains the Mutual Fund history in India. The emergences that pass taken bewilder since the start of Mutual Fund in India have been discussed in this part of the report. The history of Mutual Fund has been discussed in here(predicate) below opposite phases. After the history part, the report discusses about the distinguishable strain accomplishment. one(a) of the important parts of the part is the NAV part. In this voice of report, a detailed study has been done on Net plus Value (NAV) of Mutual Fund. How the NAV is calculated, its mis purposeion in the minds of layors, how important it is for the parties of Mutual Fund has been explained in this section of the report. Just after this section, there is a mention of tax revenue in Mutual Fund. How Mutual nones ar taxed and what argon the tax-free Mutual capital av ailable in the securities industry has been discussed. This part has been discussed with examples, so as to make the chargeors infrastand, how they clear be arrive ated with the buying of Mutual finances. The different terminologies in Mutual Fund namely, drink, SWP, ARP, AWP, etc has been discussed in this report.The run section of the report discussed about the attempts involved in the unwashed stock. The different methods through which the risks involved in common fund, has been discussed in this section. Also discussed be the advantages and disadvantages of buying a reciprocal fund. There has in like manner been a comparison made mingled with the outcomes that rout out be earned from mutual fund as comp ard with improve deposit in banks, in post offices and appareliture in impart marts.MUTUAL FUNDSWhat is a Mutual Fund?A mutual fund is a vehicle to pool bullion from authoriseors with a call off that the bullion would be invested in a particular manner, by maestro causers who are expected to owner the promise. In India mutual cash are governed by the regulations of the Securities and Ex reassign Board of India (SEBI).The basic idea behind a mutual fund is that mavin(a) investors in the main lack the time, the inclination or the skills to manage their own enthronizations. consequently, mutual specie hire master coach-and-fours to manage the investment for the benefit of their investors in return for a counsel fee. and so Mutual Funds came as a solution to benefit investors who had littler or no idea about the working of expect(a)(a) trade plainly were eager to create rough money out of it.It was created for the benefit of investors who were not able to understand the complicated functioning of the burgeon forth mart but had money to invest in it. The basic purpose of any(prenominal) mutual fund is to put the money of the investors into respective(a) scrip in the stock market by creating a portfolio (a collecti on of various shares) and making investors understand the benefits and drawbacks of each and every purpose. The benefit to the customers is that they whoremaster invest in various stocks, tolerate foreshorten suffice from professional people and that their money is world managed by professional who have clear understanding of the market.The memorial tablet that manages the investment is the summation caution Company (AMC). Employees of the AMC who perform this role of managing investments are the fund managers.Professional ManagementsMain idea behind mutual fund is that individual investors lack time and technical skills to research their choice of stock and invest in them so mutual fund hire skilled professional to manage investment of investors in return of management fee.The organization which mange this mutual bullion are calledAs lot Management Company(AMC)And employees who perform this line are calledFund MangersSCHEMESPortfolio Management SchemesInvestors have thei r own preference on how they want to invest their money and how frequently risk they want to take. person-to-person treatment with which an individual investor manages their investment and how much risk they want to be decided is done by professional managers is referred as Portfolio Managements Schemes(PMS).This is unremarkably done for investment under Rs 10 lakhs.Money in trustA mutual fund manages investment of the schemes for the benefits of the investors. every schemes has an Investment Portfolio (portfolio statement)Account of income and white plague (revenue Account)Account of summation and liabilities (Balance Sheet)To insure fairness in investment, SEBI regulates the exp dis federal agencyiture that sack be charged to a scheme.Who are the Parties Involved?InvestorsEvery investor check to their fiscal position takes risk that is calledrisk profile or risk appetite.So hypothesis tells that by taking risk of loosing whole or partial money it is possible that investor wo uld gain profit out of investment. blasphemeeesThese are the people at bottom the mutual fund organization who are prudent ensuring that investors spare-time activity in a scheme is taken care properly.Asset Management CompanyAMCs manages the investment portfolio of schemes. An AMCs income come from the management fee it charges for the schemes it manages.Every AMC asset under management because price coffin nail not be reduced below some obdurate level after that it becomes viable.DistributorsDistributors produce investors in mutual fund and it earns flush on each investors.It is AMC decision whether to bear cost fully on distributors or partially.On financial and physical resources distributors could beTier 1 who have their own franchised meshing reaching out to the investors all across the nation.Tier 2- who are generally regional players with some reach within their region.Tier3 who are small and fringy players with coiffureed reach.RegistrarAn investors safekeep ing in mutual fund schemes is typically tracked by schemes Registrar and Transfer agent. Some manages it own kinsfolk and some appoint it outside. Request to invest much money or to redeem money against existing investment is done by RT.flight att endingant/DepositoryThe custodian maintain the securities in which the scheme invest this witness an outgoing independent record of the investment of the schemesSchemes and social unit of measurement of measurements-Investment in smart set is normally re gifted by certain number of sharesPeople invest in a company by acquiring its share and leach by deceiveing its shares.The total outstanding shares of a company cipher by the face value of each share,Constitute the share gravid of a company.Shares are repre moveed in a company and units are represented in a mutual fund scheme.Types of schemesMutual fund schemes can be adjureed with any of a range of investment objectives each corresponding to a certain point in the risk retu rn matrix. It can be categorized based on tenor, asset, class, position ism geography.Open End SchemesThese are the schemes which do not have the fixed maturity date. The mutual fund ensures the liquidity by announcing sale and repurchases prices for the units of an open end schemes on an ongoing basis.Investors who wish to exit from an open end scheme can offer their unit to the mutual for redemption, generally called repurchase. Similarly mutual fund can sell sunrise(prenominal) units to investors who want to participate in schemes generally called sale.Additionally a mutual fund can make to provide liquidity by listing in stock exchange, in that case investor can either trade schemes or opt for preceding(prenominal) mentioned route.Closed End SchemesThese are schemes which have fixed maturity liquid in much(prenominal)(prenominal) case is available through listing in stock market.Trade alters change in ownership but dont change in schemes unit outstanding.Occasionally clo sed end schemes provide a re purchase extract to investors.Either by a condition period or after a specified period normally up to a total limit for all investors together, or limit per investors.Such repurchase would reduce the unit capital of the schemes.Asset course of studyEquity schemes invest in shares. Depending upon the schemes objective investment could be,Growth stock where earning ripening is expected to be attractiveMomentum stock that can go up and down with line marketValue stock where the fund manager is of the view that rate of flow valuation in the stock market does not reflect intrinsic value Income stock that can earn high returns through dividends.Debt or income schemesGILT schemesThese invest in political science securities. Apart from beingness the most liquid schemes in the debt market, government securities are eligible for liquidity support. stick to SchemesThese schemes invest in draw securities issued by the government or any other issuer.BondScheme scan aid people overcome some of the barriers to mysterious renting posed by the requirement to pay abondto a landlord.Bondschemesare unremarkably set up by the local authority, a voluntary organization or by the Probation Service. wholeBondSchemeshave the selfsame(prenominal) goal to help people who could not otherwise do so to access cloistered rented accommodation. In achieving this goal a successful scheme go away be contributing to the confidence and efficiency of the private rented sector and helping to fleck homelessness by assisting homeless and dominancely homeless people.Features of the 8% Savings (Taxable) Bond Scheme 2003Junk Bond SchemesJunk bond schemes in securities that are below investment grade. High yield bonds are politically crystalise way of referring to junk bonds.Junk bonds can be identified through the lower grades as sign-language(a) by rating services (e.g., BBB instead of abdominal aortic aneurysm for the highest quality bonds). Because the pos sibility of default is great, junk bonds are usually considered besides risky for investment by the large institutional investors (mutual money) that provide U.S. corporations with much of their investment capital. Junk bonds are often issued by smaller, newer companies.Money mart and Liquid SchemesThese schemes invest in short term debt instrument.Money Markets Instruments includeCommercial papersCommercial billsTreasury bills giving medication securities having an unexpired maturity up to one familyCall or notice moneyCertificate of depositUsance billsPermitted securities under a repo / reverse repo intellectAny other like instruments as whitethorn be permitted by RBI / SEBI from time to time.Liquid/Money market schemesThese are designed for corporate and small businessmen to use for cash or treasury management. These schemes allow them to park short-term surplus monetary resource in the money market, so that they earn some return before they find end uses. They invest in money market instruments like call money, inter-corporate deposits and commercial paper. Their returns range from 8 to 11 per cent, depending on money market conditions. flat salaried individuals can use them in the short term, since they offer unwrap returns than savings accounts. Some bullion even offer cheque- make-up facilities.Risk comes from money market volatility which besides creates the possibility of gain due to a sudden increase in rates.Balanced SchemesBalanced schemes invest in both beauteousness and debt. The debt investment ensures a basic interest income. Which fund managers hope to top up with capital gains on the investment portfolio. but loses can eat into the basic interest and the income.Big advantage of these schemes is that market risk is more palatableCapital Protected SchemesIt is a kind of balanced schemes, where a part of the initial issue proceeds is invested in gilts that would mature to a value equivalent to the unit capital of the schemes. ther efrom the investors capital is protected.Physical AssetTechnically said that mutual fund can invest in any asset whether it can be real asset, precious metals, other metals (aluminium, steel) oil and commodities.In India regulatory model does permit investment in real asset.Schemes by Position Philosophy. orbit FundsRegulator equity funds invest in a mix of equities that are spread across different sectors so they are called diversified equity funds.Sectors funds on other hands invest in a particular sector,Like energy funds.Index FundsThese funds create and replicate according to the specified index such(prenominal) as BSE, NSE, etc. and such position can be created by cardinal methodsIt can be done by maintaining an investment portfolio that replicates the formation of a chosen index. Weight is same according to the index weight. This replicating manner is called the passive investing. Investment fund are called passive funds. And funds that are not passive are called managed funds. Index schemes are also called as unmanaged schemes(since they are passive) or tracker schemes(since they track index)Another is by doing research and identifying a field goal of securities and derivatives whose movement is similar to that of index. Schemes that invest in such basket are called as active index funds.Enhanced Index FundsThis is a managed index funds that can beat the performance of a bench mark index by at least 0.1 % but no more than the 2% if it crosses 2.5 it is called equity mutual fund.Exchange Traded Funds (ETF)These are open end funds that trade on the exchange.ETF different from index funds in followe respectA single NAV in case of open end and in case of ETF is traded in the market place. so its price keeps changing during dayThe AMC of an ETF does not offer sale and re purchase price of the units.Unique feature is that beside lower-ranking market it also has primary market.Fixed Maturity PlansThis eliminates the risk of capital loss by investing in a pre specified debt securities.When a series of FMP are issued for different maturities they are called serial funds.These funds can chose exclusively to invest in government securities and called serial gilts, alternatively they can invest in non government securities in which case they become Serial Bond Schemes.Non government securities have risk of default (credit risk) which does not exist in case government securities.Schemes by GeographyCountry or region fundsThese invest in securities from a specified rude or region.This is based on the fact that a particular country or region lead show a higher growth or returns on the equity market.Offshore funds- these mobilize the money from investors for investment outside their country.The principle of time diversification has given rise to the concept of organized Investment Plan(SIP)Systematic withdrawal Plan(SWP)Systematic Transfer Plan(STP)Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)It refers of investing aeonian fund regularly generally every month. When market goes up wherefore the money invested in that period gets translated into fewer numbers units for investors and vise versa.Thus it is clear that SIP tempers with the gain or loss from the investment SIP does not offer protection from losses. If the market turns adverse then you can lose money even in SIP.SIP ensures that your acquisition cost approximate the number NAV. Therefore this investment style is also called rupee cost averaging.Value averaging ensures that investors book profit in rising market and invest in loosing market.For e.g. for ICICI bank (Open ended equity fund), monthly lower limit Rs. 1000 + 5 post-dated cheques for a minimum of Rs. 1000 each.Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP)It is mirror image of SIP, under SWP investor would withdrawal constant fall periodically. The benefits are the same namely that through SWP the investor can temper gains though it does not prevent losses.For e.g. in case of ICICI bank (Open ended equity fund) SWP is a Minimum of Rs.500/- and Multiples thereof.Systematic Transfer Plan (STP)Investors exposure to different type of securities whether debt or equity should flow from their risk profile or appetite which the function of their financial position and personal disposition.It occurs in two situationsOn investment or disinvestment (here SIP and SWP is useful)On change in value of securities in market.In case of mutual funds such rebalancing can be achieved by systematically moving money a mid(prenominal)dle schemes.Mid-Cap FundMid cap funds are those mutual funds, which invest in small / medium sized companies. As there is no standard definition classifying companies as small or medium, each mutual fund has its own classification for small and medium sized companies. Generally, companies with a market capitalization of up to Rs 500 crore are classified as small. Those companies that have a market capitalization between Rs 500 crore and Rs 1,000 crore are classified as medium sized.Big investors like mutual funds and Foreign Institutional Investors are increasingly investing in mid caps now a day because the price of large caps has increased substantially. undersized / mid sized companies tend to be under researched thus they present an opportunity to invest in a company that is yet to be identified by the market. Such companies offer higher growth potential going forward and therefore an opportunity to benefit from higher than average valuations.But mid cap funds are very vaporific and tend to fall like a pack of cards in bad times. So, caution should be exercised while investing in mid cap mutual funds.Growth OptionThe Scheme ordain not declare any dividends under this filling. The income earned by the scheme forget remain invested in the scheme and forget be reflected in the NAV. This pick is suitable for investors who are not looking for current income (but who have invested with the mark of capital appreciation). Moreover, if units under this pick ar e held as capital asset for a period of at least one grade, from the date of acquisition, unit toters should get the benefit of long term capital gains tax.Dividend OptionThis option is suited for investors seeking income through dividend declared by the scheme. Only unit toters opting for the dividend option entrust receive dividends. An investor on record for the purpose of dividend distributions is an investor who is an unit holder, as of the record date. In order to be a unit holder, an investor has to be allocated units representing receipt of clear funds by the scheme.The scheme may be at the discretion of the trustee, declare annual dividends in its dividend visualise subject to availability of distributable profits. Dividends allow for be declared on the last business day of border district. If March 31st is a non business day, the previous business day volition serve as the record date. meantime dividends may be declared at the discretion of the trustee. Unit holde rs also have the option to reinvest their dividend at the ex-dividend NAV. The trustee, in its sole discretion, may also declare interim dividends. It should be noted that actual distribution of dividends and the frequency of distribution indicated above, are provisional and will be ideally at the discretion of the trustee and depend, inter alia on the availability of distributable surplus to the accomplishment the entire net income and realized gains are not distributed, the same will remain invested in the scheme and be reflected in the NAV.Payout DividendAs per the regulations, the fund shall dispatch to the unit holders, the dividend proceeds within 30 days of solution of the dividend. Dividends will be payable to those unit holders whose names appear in the register of the unit holders on the date (record date). Dividends will be paying by cheque net of taxes may be applicable. Unit holders will also have the option of direct payment of dividend to the bank account. The cheq ues will be drawn in the name of the sole/first holder and will be posted to the registered address of the sole/first holder as indicated in the trustworthy application form. The fund will reach to dispatch the dividend cheques within 30 days of the record date. To safeguard the interest of the unit holders from loss or theft of dividend cheques, investor should provide the name of their bank, disunite and account number in the application form. Dividend cheques will be sent to the unit holder after incorporating such information.Reinvest DividendUnder this sub-option, unit holders may chose to reinvest all of their dividends by way of additional units of the scheme instead of receiving dividends in cash. Such additional units by way of reinvestment of dividends will be at the applicable NAV on the next day (excluding Saturday) after the record date. The dividend so reinvested shall be constructive payment of dividend to unit holders and constructive receipt of the same amount fr om each unit holder for reinvestment in units. Any such investment will be made by indicating in the investors descental application or by providing the fund with written notice signed by all the registered holder(s) of the units and also sent to the registrar.Revocation of any such decision also must be made in writing and signed by all the registered holder(s) of the units and also sent to the registrar.The additional units issued under the sub-option Reinvest Dividend under option B and held as capital asset would get benefit of long-term capital gains tax if sold after being held for one year. For this purpose one year will be computed from the date when such additional units are issued.Effect of Dividend The NAV of the unit holders in dividend option will stand reduced by the amount of dividend declared. The NAV of the growth option will remain unaffected.Mutual fund industry in IndiaThe origin of mutual fund industry in India is with the introduction of the concept of mutual fund by UTI in the year 1963. Though the growth was slow, but it accelerated from the year 1987 when non-UTI players entered the industry.In the past decade, Indian mutual fund industry had seen a dramatic improvement, both qualities wise as considerably as quantity wise. Before, the monopoly of the market had seen an ending phase the Assets under Management (AUM) were Rs. 67bn. The private sector entry to the fund family raised the AUM to Rs. 470 bn in March 1993 and till April 2004 it reached the height of 1,540 bn.Putting the AUM of the Indian Mutual Funds Industry into comparison, the total of it is less than the deposits of SBI alone, constitute less than 11% of the total deposits held by the Indian banking industry.The main reason of its poor growth is that the mutual fund industry in India is new in the country. Large sections of Indian investors are yet to be intellectuated with the concept. Hence, it is the prime responsibility of all mutual fund companies, to market the p roduct correctly abreast of selling.The mutual fund industry can be broadly put into four phases according to the development of the sector. Each phase is briefly described as under.First figure -1964-87Unit Trust of India (UTI) was established on 1963 by an Act of Parliament. It was set up by the Reserve Bank of India and functioned under the Regulatory and administrative control of the Reserve Bank of India. In 1978 UTI was de-linked from the RBI and the Industrial development Bank of India (IDBI) took over the regulatory and administrative control in place of RBI. The first scheme launched by UTI was Unit Scheme 1964.Second phase1987_1993 (Entry of existence Sector Funds)Entry of non-UTI mutual funds. SBI Mutual Fund was the first followed by Canara bank Mutual Fund (Dec 87), Punjab National Bank Mutual Fund (Aug 89), Indian Bank Mutual Fund (Nov 89), Bank of India (Jun 90), Bank of Baroda Mutual Fund (Oct 92). LIC in 1989 and GIC in 1990. The end of 1993 marked Rs.47, 004 as assets under management.Third Phase- 1993-2003 (Entry of Private Sector Funds)With the entry of private sector funds in 1993, a new era started in the Indian mutual fund industry, giving the Indian investors a wider choice of fund families. Also, 1993 was the year in which the first Mutual Fund Regulations came into being, under which all mutual funds, except UTI were to be registered and governed. The erstwhile Kothari Pioneer (now merged with Franklin Templeton) was the first private sector mutual fund registered in July 1993. The 1993 SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulations were substituted by a more comprehensive and revised Mutual Fund Regulations in 1996. The industry now functions under the SEBI (Mutual Fund) Regulations 1996.The number of mutual fund houses went on increasing, with many abroad mutual funds setting up funds in India and also the industry has witnessed several mergers and acquisitions. As at the end of January 2003, there were 33 mutual funds with total assets of Rs. 1, 21,805 crores. The Unit Trust of India with Rs.44,541 crores of assets under management was way ahead of other mutual funds.Fourth Phase- since February 2003This phase had virulent experience for UTI. It was bifurcated into two separate entities. One is the Specified childbed of the Unit Trust of India with AUM of Rs.29, 835 crores (as on January 2003). The Specified Undertaking of Unit Trust of India, functioning under an administrator and under the rules framed by Government of India and does not come under the purview of the Mutual Fund Regulations.The warrant is the UTI Mutual Fund Ltd, sponsored by SBI, PNB, BOB and LIC. It is registered with SEBI and functions under the Mutual Fund Regulations. With the bifurcation of the erstwhile UTI which had in March 2000 more than Rs.76, 000 crores of AUM and with the setting up of a UTI Mutual Fund, conforming to the SEBI Mutual Fund Regulations, and with recent mergers taking place among different private sector funds, the mutual fund industry has entered its current phase of consolidation and growth. As at the end of September, 2004, there were 29 funds, which manage assets of Rs.153108 crores under 421 schemes.Performance of Mutual Funds in India permit us start the discussion of the performance of mutual funds in India from the day the concept of mutual fund took birth in India. The year was 1963. Unit Trust of India invited investors or rather to those who believed in savings, to park their money in UTI Mutual Fund. For 30 years it goaled without a single second gear player. Though the 1988 year saw some new mutual fund companies, but UTI remained in a monopoly position.The performance of mutual funds in India in the initial phase was not even closer to suitable level. People rarely understood, and of course investing was out of question. But yes, some 24 million shareholders were accustomed with guaranteed high returns by the beginning of loosening of the industry in 1992. This good record of UTI bec ame marketing tool for new entrants. The expectations of investors touched the sky in profitability factor. However, people were miles away from the zeal of risks factor after the liberalization. The Assets under Management of UTI was Rs. 67bn. by the end of 1987. allow me concentrate about the performance of mutual funds in India through figures. From Rs. 67bn. the Assets Under Management rose to Rs. 470 bn. in March 1993 and the figure had a three times higher performance by April 2004. It rose as high as Rs. 1,540bn. The net asset value (NAV) of mutual funds in India declined when stock prices started falling in the year 1992. Those days, the market regulations did not allow portfolio shifts into alternative investments. There were rather no choices apart from holding the cash or to further continue investing in shares. One more thing to be noted, since only closed-end funds were floated in the market, the investors disinvested by selling at a loss in the secondary market. The performance of mutual funds in India suffered qualitatively. The 1992 stock market scandal, the losses by disinvestments and of course the lack of downright rules in the whereabouts rocked confidence among the investors. Partly owing to a relatively weak stock market performance, mutual funds have not yet recovered, with funds trading at an average discount of 1020 percent of their net asset value.The supervisory authority adopted a set of measures to create a transparent and competitive environment in mutual funds. Some of them were like reposeful investment restrictions into the market, introduction of open-ended funds, and paving the gateway for mutual funds to launch pension schemes.The measure was taken to make mutual funds the key instrument for long-term saving. The more the variety offered, the quantitative will be investors.At last to mention, as long as mutual fund companies are performing with lower risks and higher profitability within a short span of time, more and mo re people will be inclined to invest until and unless they are fully educated with the country and donts of mutual funds.Drawbacks of Mutual FundsMutual funds have their drawbacks and may not be for everyoneNo GuaranteesNo investment is risk free. If the entire stock market declines in value, the value of mutual fund shares will go down as well, no matter how balanced the portfolio. Investors roleplay fewer risks when they invest in mutual funds than when they buy and sell stocks on their own. However, anyone who invests through a mutual fund runs the risk of losing money.Fees and commissionsAll funds charge administrative fees to cover their day-to-day expenses. Some funds also charge sales commissions or loads to compensate brokers, financial consultants, or financial planners. Even if you dont use a broker or other financial adviser, you will pay a sales commission if you buy shares in a Load Fund.TaxesDuring a typical year, most actively managed mutual funds sell anywhere from 20 to 70 percent of the securities in their portfolios. If your fund makes a profit on its sales, you will pay taxes on the income you receive, even if you reinvest the money you made.Management riskWhen you invest in a mutual fund, you depend on the funds manager to make the right decisions regarding the fun