New Media Technologies Adoption Challenges Information Technology Essay

New Media Technologies Adoption Ch all(prenominal)enges Information Technology Es prescribeLatest advances in information and conference technologies (ICTs) invite continued to be a major factor that is catapulting modern society to a mettlesome technology one. With cutting edge and far-r severallying developments in wisdom and technology in the late twentieth century, Ipad, ipods, new video games, cellular phones, electronic banking, and sa recogniseite goggle box atomic number 18 just a hardly a(prenominal) of the ICT innovations that charter taken our modern life by storm.The Information and Communication Technologies in this study is operationalised to mean the new media technologies, including satellites, telephony, the net income, the Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM), other components of computer- assisted reporting and multimedia systems. These ar new improved technological facilities that facilitate the creation, storage, management and dissemination of information by electronic direction.No doubt, this brandish of new media technologies within the fabric of todays ball-shapedised village has continued to pressure e trulyone to take for granted ICTs as the whole world is creation shrunk into one small entity and computing, tele dialogues, pervade and mark media continue to converge on common digital-based techniques.Since the great inroad of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) into the global scene at the dawn of the 21st century, significant replaces pee-pee been put down in the way man does things. In closely every profession, the traces of the ICTs are clear, bringing radical modifys and improvement. Specifically, media practice the world over has witnessed a great change and traditional journalism has been replaced with hi-tech journalism (Obe 2008).The exercise of the facilities of the New Information and Communication Technologies has given birth to the components of Computer-Assisted Reporting (C AR) which are commercial online selective informationbases, CD-ROM, Electronic air Boards (BBS), Electronic morgue, in- phratry topical databases, electronic public records and the meshing (Davenport et al, 1996). Besides, the theatrical role of ICTs facilities to disseminate news and information at jet speed, as in Electronic word of honor Gathering (ENG) and Satellite News Gathering (SNG), name solidly taken journalism practice by storm. Evidences suggest that in no distant time, virtually every practice of the media will be carried out with the usance of ICTs. Very soon, if not now, media practitioners will have no other option than to search the web, use e-mail attachments, navigate newsgroup, setting up list servers, downloading of web files and analysis of databases and so on.With these new communication technologies, interpersonal communication has been greatly improved upon with facilities desire fax machines, communication satellites, e-mails, personal digital assi stants, cellular phones and the net. These days, everybody is within the reach of everybody else. The emergence of the computer and its interlinked network the Internet, has ushered in a new opportunity for the ICTs-induced communication. The real motive behind the communication is to create a virtual global village where information flow cannot be disrupted. When ICTs are fully adopted and utilize, the socio-economic and developmental lives of the people will be greatly enhanced.The aim of this paper is to track the borrowing and use of ICTs by media professionals in Nigeria.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMMost developing nations of the world are confronted with socio-economic problems ranging from poverty to corruption with no solution in sight. The assumption is that one of the safest routes to escape from the problem is for most developing nations of the world to adopt and use Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). That is why most developing nations are trying to subsc ribe to the modern day developmental magic with a location to transforming their societies for severe.The argument as to whether Africa can actually utilize ICTs for her development in the face of the prevailing circumstances is gaining robust dimension. In their UNESCO-sponsored wing study on adoption of ICTs in Africa and Asia-Pacific, Obijiofor et al submitIn Africa, ignorance is far very a lot major obstacles and those aware, mostly the educated and literate people in the private sector, say as much as they appreciate the direct and importance of ICTs, the economic situation in their countries and general poverty make it difficult for people who need these ICTs to explicate them. In Ghana, for example, the per capital income is US$400 and the average terms of a computer (plus modem and telephone line etc) is US$1500. Also in Nigeria, to acquire a computer/modem, ISP subscription and telephone line would require the append annual income of a graduate.Considering the abo ve claimment by Obijiofor et al, there is arguably a preserve over the general poverty mentality on the part of media professionals which could tend to make them get wind acquisition of computers as luxury and as status symbols or statement of ones hierarchy in society, as such, consider purchasing ICTs as purchasing a diamond or gold. For instance, a longitudinal study aimed at tracking the adoption of computer-based information sources by Nigerian newspapers conducted in 2004 reveals that there is a zero or near-zero use of most of the components of computer-assisted reporting (CAR). For example, no Nigerian newspaper is currently using electronic morgue and electronic public records. There is also very little use of CD-ROMs and commercial online databases (Okoye, 2004). This however calls for a serious concern on whether the journalists can appreciably use ICTs to really deliver developmental and fact-finding journalism required to sanitise the society. Hence, the study des ire-after(a) to address this concern by examining how media professionals use ICTs to deliver their task.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe specific objectives of the study areTo track the train of adoption of ICTs by media professionals in NigeriaTo curb specific ICTs tools that is in use among Nigerian media professionals.To de terminationine the challenges surrounding the adoption and use of ICTs by Nigerian media professionals.SCOPE OF STUDYThe study narrows down to media professionals working(a) with selected media administrations in Lagos, Nigeria as respondents. The study location is adopted because there is a high concentration of media professionals and their organizations in Lagos, the nerve centre of the Nigerian Press. Besides, Lagos is today regarded as the city with the most authentic, vibrant and dynamic media industry in Africa (BBC poll).The media professionals include staff of major ICTs-driven print media (Newspapers and magazines) organizations that are registered b y Newspaper Proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) and the convey media outfits licensed by the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC). The media professionals in each of the media organisations are the reporters at all levels (including freelancers), editors, newscasters, studio engineers and prepress staff. The respondents were limited to these categories because those are the people believed to be leading in media technology in Nigeria media industry.RESEARCH HYPOTHESESTwo research hypotheses were raised for this research.Research Hypothesis 1H1 There is an inverse relationship among the cost of acquisition of ICTs and adoption and use of ICTs by media professionals in Nigeria.Research Hypothesis 2H1 Use of specific communication strategies is dependent on the income level of media professionals in Nigeria.Brief Review of LiteraturePrevious studies on the rate of adoption and use of communication technologies in Africa had been slow and gradual and couldnt match up with the sporadic rate of adoption of ICTs which was unprecedented in world history. For instance, it took radio thirty-eight age television took thirteen years, while cable took ten years to hit the mass medium status, whereas it took the Internet only six years to reach the liter million users mark (Kaye and Medoff, 2001).In Nigeria, it did not take up to three years for the Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM) to hit appreciable number of adopters and users. The universal adoption of Internet is revealed through universal introduction data in various countries in the region. Topping the list of countries with high internet access are Korea 56% and Singapore (44%). In the median fraction are Malaysia with 14% and Brunei Darussalam (11%). Further down the line are Philippines (6%), Thailand (4%), and Indonesia (1%). Countries like Cambodia and Myanmar are at the bottom of the heap with less than 1% Internet diffusion. Among countries in the Caucuses and Central Asia, the internet is primarily accessible in the largest urban centres and technical services and support are often slow and expensive (Asian Womens Resource alter 2001 36).Theoretical OrientationsA concept that was employed in this study is Technological Determinism which assumes that changes in communication technology inevitably produce profound changes in both(prenominal) culture and social order. The concept holds further that technology inevitably causes specific changes in how people think, in how society is structured, and in forms of culture that are created. marshal McLuhan who is a chief proponent of this concept staunchly believes that all social, political, economic and cultural change is inevitably based on the development and diffusion of technology. These and many an(prenominal) other theories related to the work shall be fully explored in the main report.The concept of critical mass theory as it applies to the adoption of new communication technologies is desirable and would be u sed. The term comes from physics, where critical mass refers to the minimum amount of material needed to trigger and sustain a radioactive chain reaction. The term has been loosely applied to communication and refers to the minimum number of people needed as adopters before a new communication technology can have a permanent place in the society (Kaye and Medoff, 2001).Williams, Strover and Grant (1994) corroborateAn interesting aspect of the critical mass perspective is that widespread use appears to have a snowball effect. Once a perceived critical mass is using the technology, those without it are strongly motivated to adopt it. The reasoning here is that contempt the drawbacks, such as cost or difficulty in using the technology, people (and institutions) are pressured to adopt the technology because failure to do so may exclude them from existing communication networks (p34).Before any medium can be considered a mass medium, a critical mass of adopters must be reached. General ly, critical mass is achieved when about 16 percent of the entire tribe has adopted an innovation, although in the case of mass media, fifty million users seem to be the milestone (Markus,1990 Neufeld, 1997 cited in Kaye and Medoff, 2001).Researches have shown that the rate of radio adoption crawled along for thirty-eight years before hitting the magic fifty million users television took thirteen years, while cable took ten years to hit this mass medium status. In less than six years of its existence as a consumer medium, Internet has reached the fifty million users mark. Between 1995 and 1997, the estimated number of US online users ranged from 51 million to about 58 million. (About One in Four Adults, 1996 American Internet User Survey, 1997 CommerceNet and Nielsen Research, 1995 GVUs seventh www user wad, 1997 Hoffman, Kalsbeek, and Novak, 1996a McGarvey, 1996 MIDS, 1995 OReiley Survey Sets, 1995 Taylor, 1997).In 1998 and 1999, between 57 million and 64 million people in the Un ited States used the Internet (Decotis, 1999 Relevant Knowledge Rank the Sites, 1998). In 1999, Jupiter Communications lay claimed that in the United States alone, there were as many as 90 million Internet users (Guglielmo, 1999). The Computer Industry Almanac claims that the use has topped 100 million people 40 percent of the population (US tops, 1999). much alarming is the Data monitors claim that by year 2003 about 545 million Internet users will be around the world (Data monitor 545 users, 1999).The BBC has greatly adopted the new media technology in its operations. Its new media division, the BBC online, has become one of the UKs most popular website, with over 190 million page impression requests per month. Besides, it has also introduced the BBCi meaning, the BBC interactive that takes in computers and interactive digital television across Sky, ITV Digital and the cable companies. CNN and other leading broadcast stations in the world are following.Various arguments have be en advanced for and against the adoption of ICTs. Stevenson, Burkett and Myint (1993) argue that the new communication and information technologies can strengthen the centralized, industrial, command economy or decentralize empowerment for finding creative solutions to local and global problems through new social technologies. Other pro ICTs scholars point out that new technologies lead to speedier, more accurate, and improved outcomes that increase our capabilities and make us more efficacious (Dickson, 1974 Florman, 1981)In terms of the Internet, we are able to communicate far more effectively, with more people and in more ways, than before (Rowland, 1997). The advancement in the production and availability of sexual material can be viewed as a function of technological advancement (Durkin Bryant, 1995 Lane, 2000). It is arguable that all media technologies, from print to the Internet, have been used for sexual purposes (Noonan, 1998).In their argument against ICTs, Inayatullah i nsists that ICT causes further cultural impoverishment by continuing the one-way communication between North and South and much more that ICTs create information based economy and not a communicative society (Inayatullah, 1999). Lerner and Schramm (1976) throw more weightThroughout the less developed regions, people have been led to want more than they can get. This can be attri only whened in part to the spread of the mass media, which inevitably show and tell people about the good things of life that are available elsewhereAs people in the hapless countries were being shown and told about goodies available in developed countries, they were also being taught about their own inferiorityat least in terms of wealth and well-being. Recognition of the disparities between the rich and poor countries produced among some a sense of aggressiveness. Both apathy and aggression usually are counter-productive to genuine development efforts (Lerner and Schramm, 1976341-342)METHOD OF RESEARCHThi s study employed survey research method. This involves design of movementnaires which were administered to the respondents. Pertinent questions that bother on the adoption and usage of ICT constitute the bulk of the questionnaire design. The methodological procedure established includes the study population, sample size, the try out procedures, the research instruments, the data collection exercise, problems of data collection, data preparation and entry as well as the analytical techniques adopted.STUDY POPULATIONThe study population comprises media professionals working with selected media organizations in Lagos. The media professionals are mostly journalists believed to be using ICTs to enhance their work. The media professionals fielded questions on their adoption and usage of ICTs tools. The media professionals include staff of major ICTs-driven print media (Newspapers and magazines) organizations that are registered by Newspaper Proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) and the broadcast media recognized and licensed by the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC). The media professionals in each of the media organisations are the reporters at all levels (including freelancers), editors, newscasters, studio engineers and prepress staff. The respondents were limited to these categories because those are the people who use ICTs facilities in the media industry.SAMPLING TECHNIQUEThe simple random sampling technique was used to select the required media organisations for the study. Within the selected media organizations, the simple random sampling technique was equally used to select respondents within the media organizations under study. This was desirable as it rules out bias and subjectivity in the choice of respondents.STUDY SAMPLEAs at the time of conducting this study, 47 print media organisations were registered by Newspaper Proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) and out of the 47, only 18 Lagos-based print media houses weer still in circulation. Out of the 18 functioning, six print media organisations were selected for this study. The selected six media houses consist of four newspapers and two magazines (for the print media). Out of the existing broadcast stations licensed by NBC, four were selected which consist of two television stations and two radio stations. This made the total number of media organizations studied to be ten in number.The print media organizations selected are Punch Nigeria Limited (publisher of the Punch Titles) Leaders and Company Limited. (Publisher of ThisDay Titles) The Sun Publishing Limited (Publisher of The Sun Newspaper) Financial regulation newspaper indie Communications Network Limited (Publisher of TheNEWS magazine and Newswactch Communication Limited (Publisher of Newswatch magazine). In the broadcast media, the four media stations selected are African Independent Television, Lagos (AIT) and Nigerian Television Authority, Lagos (NTA Channel 10) (Television) and Raypower 100.5 FM, Lagos and FRCN, Lagos (Radio Nigeria).SAMPLE SIZEAmong the ten media organizations selected for this study, 200 communication professionals were chosen as respondents. The 200 consists of twenty respondents from each of the ten media organisations. slightly of the media organizations studied do not have up to two hundred journalists, except for NTA and FRCN which are government owned. Nevertheless, it was estimated that 20 of the existing number of journalists in each of the organizations should be representative enough for generalization to be drawn.RESEARCH INSTRUMENTThe main instrument for this research is the questionnaire. The questionnaires were designed using both the open-ended and closed-ended approaches. The get-go section of the two questionnaire schedules contained questions on respondents background, socio-economic and other demographic characteristics. These include questions on respondents sex, age, marital status, monthly income, educational attainment of respondents.Th e second section of the questionnaire dealt with information on adoption and use of ICTs. Respondents were asked to state their area of media practice and name of their media organizations and the department of the media organization in which they work. Specific questions about the time of their adoption of ICTs and that of their media organizations were raised. The questionnaire equally sought to know what specific ICTs tools are commonly or easily in use by the media professionals. The second section also probed into the adoption of the components of computer-assisted reporting. It used likert-like crustal plate to really ascertain the degree of their adoption and use. The section of the questionnaire did not stop there, it tested the adoption of database journalism as well as the practice of computer-assisted investigative reporting.The questionnaire also probed into the economic aspect of ICTs, where questions that link cost and other economic considerations to the use and adop tion were raised.VALIDATION OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTSAs a way of formalize the instruments used for this research, face validity check was carried out by two senior university academics. Besides, a pilot study was conducted by the research worker in 2007. The pilot study aimed at tracking the adoption and use of ICTs by media professionals in Nigeria. The study was a follow up to an initial study conducted by Okoye (2004) at the University of Lagos. The success of the pilot study is an indication that the research instrument was tested with positive results.Problems EncounteredA study of this magnitude cannot be completed without challenges, especially during data collection. The first problem was created by the corporate affairs manager of Daar Communications Plc, owner of AIT/Raypower who ordered the security operatives to usher the researcher out of the premises when the researcher had started administering the questionnaire copies to AIT staff before realizing that such must fir st pass through the corporate affairs manager for scrutiny. The managers seemingly rude approach at correcting visitors harassed the researcher which led to minor altercations. This was later settled, exactly the researcher had to drop copies of the questionnaire to come back for it three days later, thereby making the wait-and-get approach impracticable in AIT.One major problem is the lackadaisical attitudes of media professionals towards academic research. Most of them claimed they were very busy to attend to us while others complained that the items on the questionnaire design are too many to answer. Some of them would ask us to wait till he finishes his report which could take an hour or two.There were instances of refusals, especially when the receptionist had to bear the willingness of the respondents. The brown windbag mentality of the press was equally expressed here, although with some journalists when they openly requested for gratification or bottle of coke before a lter the copies of questionnaire. Since this was anticipated by the researcher during the training, the field assistants were asked to use their initiatives and parley the respondents by creating much needed rapport. This eventually yielded positive efforts. other major problem encountered is that few of the respondents, especially the senior staff had the propensity to lie about their adoption and use of ICTs for one major reason they want to impress the researcher that their organization is standard and ICT-compliant, so in cases where they have not adopted a particular component of ICTs, they tend to say they have. The researcher and field assistants overcame this problem by demanding to see and probably take a photo shot of such facilities for the archive. For instance, in Punch, the Chief Librarian claimed they have adopted electronic morgue but when the researcher requested to see it and take a photo shot, she mellowed down and said their electronic morgue is still under const ruction.Data dressing and Data EntryHaving returned the survey data from the field, the data were carefully edited by the researcher himself to ensure completeness, legibility, clarity and consistency. After these internal checks, a total of 172 copies of the questionnaire were adjudged usable for analysis out of the 181 that were completed and returned. After this, data were entered and the statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for programming and analysis after the data entry. The SPSS and data entry were done by a database administrator with the assistance of the researcher.Discussions of FindingsThe data elicited from media professionals show that there are more male media professionals than their female kinsfolk as respondents in the research work and that majority of the respondents are young persons who are within the age range of 30-49 years. Besides, there is preponderance for married persons. volume of the respondents have first degree/higher diplo ma as highest academic qualifications. The monthly salary of most of the media professionals falls between the range of N10,000 and N39,999. This shows most media professionals in Nigeria earn below N40,000.Most media organizations in Nigeria adopted the tools of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in their operations between 1999 2000 and 2001-2005. This period coincided with the time Punch newspaper house sacked all its photographers and abolished the use of film development process in the production of photographs. Instead, they adopted the use of digital camera which no longer requires the use of tedious traditional dark room film development processes.Of all the tools of ICTs available to media professionals, the Internet was mostly in use. In other words, the respondents use Internet more than any other tools. This confirms the findings of the pilot study conducted to validate the questionnaire for this study which revealed that out of the tools of ICTs, the Int ernet has the highest adopters.The respondents are however, divided about the description of their current state of adoption and use of ICTs. While some indicated that the current state of adoption and use among them is high, another good numbers do not share the high belief but rather describe the adoption and use as moderate.From the data gathered, the greatest challenge militating against the use of ICTs by media professionals in Nigeria is the cost of getting the facilities. This was followed by lack of base infrastructure like electricity. Only very few attributed why they do not use ICTs to unfavourable government policies. More importantly, majority of the respondents hold that the cost of acquiring ICTs tools is high. Although, respondents gave different opinions on cost of ICTs , but what remains clear is that there is a preponderance for respondents who see the cost of acquiring ICTs as being on the high side.Another important finding is that the income level of the resp ondent is a barrier to their acquisition of ICTs, The data had preceding established the fact that a greater portion of the respondents earn between N10,000 and N39,999 monthly. However, the bulk of the respondents opined that the benefits inherent in the use of ICTs are enormous.The data reveal that very appreciable number of the respondents are quite aware of Electronic Newsgathering and Satellite newsgathering (ENG and SNG), Very few numbers of the respondents unaware of ENG and SNG. The respondents are again divided on their level of agreement of the fact that ENG and SNG are needed in every contemporary media organization. Very many of them strongly agree while only few strongly disagree. Highest percentage of the respondents equally opined that ENG and SNG are the best in performing news gathering functions. In the same vein, the respondents indicated that ENG and SNG have done the following good to media organizations betterment of broadcast production quality great improvem ent in broadcast media practice in Nigeria attraction of more audience to media organizations positive change in the news processing and techniques. To cap it all, most of the respondents indicated that the benefits derived from ENG and SNG outweighs the challenges therein.Summary of findings and ConclusionMost media organizations in Nigeria adopted the tools of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in their operations at the dawn of the millennium and of all the tools of ICTs available to media professionals, the Internet was mostly in use.Data showed that the monthly salary of most of the media professionals falls between the range of N10,000 and N39,999. This means that most media professionals in Nigeria earn less than N40,000 the average income is N25,000 (130). The media professionals were mostly reporters, newscasters and prepress staff, a handful were editors and top management staff.The greatest challenge against the use of ICTs by media professionals in Nigeria is the cost of acquiring the facilities. This is compounded by lack of base infrastructure like electricity. Only very few attributed why they do not use ICTs to unfavourable government policies. More importantly, majority of the respondents held that the cost of acquiring ICTs tools is high.This study concludes that the adoption of ICTs by Nigerian media professionals is relatively low, though its use is noticeable but relatively insufficient. It is low and insufficient because there are prevailing circumstances militating against the adoption and use of ICTs by media professionals. One of the most fundamental challenges that media professionals are being faced with is the cost and affordability of ICTs tools. The research is of a strong conclusion that the income level of the media professionals could not match the cost of acquisition of ICTs. This means that what the media professionals earn as income cannot change them to afford buying ICTs tools without sweat. In contemporary Nigeria, to buy a digital camera, computer laptop, with modem and payment for Internet subscriptions costs around two hundred and fifty grand naira (1000) depending on the sophistication and configuration of the ICTs tools. With the average monthly income of media professionals put at Twenty five thousand naira (120) monthly and three hundred thousand naira (1200) annually, one could infer that it takes close to the total annual income of media professionals in Nigeria to buy a digital camera, computer laptop, with modem and payment for annual Internet subscriptions.This research is in agreement with a UNESCO-sponsored research on impact of ICTs on Socio-economic development of Africa and Asia Pacific where it was found out that it takes the total annual income of a graduate in Ghana, to be a computer-assisted journalist (Obijiofor et al 1999). The case among freelance journalists who do not receive specific salary and live on brown envelope is even worst as they survive on gratif ication offered by newsmakers. The implication of this is that journalists who should be maximizing the benefits inherent in ICTs do not see computers as useful compared with vehicle or calculator. In other words, these journalists see computers as luxury tools that could only be acquired when one is economically comfortable. To them, it is a question of scale of preference if you have to feed and if you have to think of having a computer laptop, you will want to feed first, because if you dont feed, you are not likely to survive.Another challenge to the use of ICTs is the non-availabilty of Infrastructural support and one of the infrastructural facilities that constitute a barrier is inadequate supply of electricity/power. In Nigeria, the power generating authorities have been ever-changing their names from NEPA to PHCN. When the name was NEPA, Nigerians, out of frustration gave their own coinage of NEPA as Never Expect Power Always as against the ex officio name of National Elect ric Power Authority. As it is, most telecommunications base stations run on generators because electricity is a very scarce commodity in Nigeria. This hampers smooth telecommunication networks. Most places in Lagos do not have electricity for a week or more, and when there is, the supply comes in an interrupted way. This makes one to be switching from NEPA to generator which resultantly could damage the computer system and hampers the server and Internet network connections.Supporting this position of electricity challenge are Baffour Kojo, Asiedu and Lu, Song Feng (2003) in their work published in the Pakistan Journal of Information and Technology and titled Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Internet as a Tool in the Developing World, Challenges and the Way Forward submitThe main problem with an e-mail system for most of the developing world (and much of Africa) is the unreliability of electricity and telephone lines, which are often out of order for days on end. E ven when they are workin