Liquid Permeability of Porous Media

1. 0Summary This experiment is conducted to determine the liquid permeableness of holey media. The apparatus utilise in the experiment is the liquid permeameter. The liquid expend in this experiment is water. Three tissue layer takes of contrary thickness (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3 cm) be used as the porous media. The determination of the permeability is carried step forward using elevated impel test. Each experiment is tested for 5 times at various set of military press side which be 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 pounds per square inch.In order to obtain more accu stray information, retard that the membrane samples to be test is fixed tightly and c all overs the o-ring of the sample house completely. Values of volumetric precipitate rates ar obtained from the apparatus itself. For cart gradient of 5 psi and 30 psi, the comely permeability for PP1 membrane sample ar 0. 23993 cm2 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and 0. 096196 cm2 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. For PP3 membrane sample, t he average permeability argon 0. 52692 cm2 and 0. 19841 cm2 for shove gradient of 5 psi and 30 psi.For PP5 membrane sample, the average permeability ar 1. 0541 cm2 and 0. 29489 cm2 for impel gradient of 5 psi and 30 psi. The ranges of permeability obtained ar then compared by plotting charts of volumetric range rate over cross sectional (q/A) against pressure gradient over thickness (? P/L). The gradient of the straight tenor from the graph is /k. For PP1 sample membrane, the permeability obtained from the graph is k= 0. 000148 m2 for ? P=5psi and k= 0. 000062 m2 for ? P= 30 psi. permeableness obtained from the graph is compared with ones obtained from the liquid permeameter apparatus. Reynolds second for the tests at ? P=5psi is 5. 3913? 10-5 and for ? P= 30 psi is 1. 1147? 10-4. stratified flow conditions exist so that Darcys equation is applicable. 2. 0 Introduction When precarious flows by dint of a ordinary, the flow is affected by the property of the moderate th at allows the flow of the melted by dint of it. The property of the average is called permeability. permeability which is symbolized as k is the measure of the ability of a medium to transfer fluids. permeableness affects flow processes of fluids. An effective flow process lav evanesce if the permeability of the medium where the fluids pass through is high. Concept of permeability is fundamental in the oil and artillery industry in which the permeability property of rocks are situated in order to extract oil and gas from the subsurface reservoir. For example, sandstones are permeable and endure transmit fluid effectively. This types of stones possess large and many connected pores. They may content high sum of money of oil.Shales and siltstones composed of fine grains and have less connected pores causing them to be less permeable or impermeable. Permeability of a medium stooge be easily determined from equipment with high technology. It is important to know the factors or component which may affect permeability in order to levy or increase the permeability. This might benefits the industry which involves extraction processes. Experimental results are important because to increase the efficiency of processes involving permeability it is dependent on the info or results. 3. 0 Aims/ObjectivesThe experiment is conducted to objective of this experiment is to determine the permeability of the porous media, to create conditions so that Darcys equation discharge be used and to compare the average permeability for different pressure gradient and types of tested samples as well as to relate permeability with motley components of Darcys equation. 4. 0 Theory Permeability is property of the porous medium and is a measure of the ability of the medium to allow fluids to pass through it. Permeability concept is widely used to determine the flow characteristics of hydrocarbonsinoilandgasreservoirs.Medium or rocks that possess high permeability flush toilet a llow fluids to pass through it in large quantity over time. This is indicated form high volumetric flow rate. To quantify permeability, assume that thither is a medium with cross-sectional area (A) and thickness (L). A fluid of self-propelling viscosity () is allowed to flow through the medium. The change in pressure that occurs during the flow is ? P and the volumetric flow rate (q) is the amount of fluid that can flow through the medium over a detail of time with respect to the ? P. Permeability (k) is related to all the components by the Darcys equation. Darcys equation q=kA?PL .. (1) The SI unit for permeability, k is m2. Permeability is also measured in Darcy, D. 1 D is round 10-12m2. Factors affecting permeability are membrane solubility, pressure, concentration and temperature of the molecules or solutes. Permeability is also affected by size of the molecules of the fluids that passing through the medium. Darcys equation is valid for any sensitivetonian fluids and is only applicable for stratified flow. The laminar flow is unendingly achieved by groundwater but non always achieved by gas flows. Laminar flow can be determined by computing the Reynolds number of the flow. Re= ? vD 5. 0 appliance i. tranquil permeameter apparatus ii. Liquid hose down down iii. Yellow chip pullers iv. Membranes of different thickness, 0. 1, 0. 2 and 0. 3 cm v. Water 6. 0 Procedures i. 3 membrane samples of different thickness (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3cm) are prepared. The samples are cut bigger than the o-ring so that they willing cover the ring completely and to ensure perfect sealing. ii. The liquid hose attached to the sample chamber lid is disconnected. The lid is unscrewed and removed. The chamber cut in and adapter plates are taken out. The o-rings is analyse for dryness. iii. Under Group on the main CapWin menu, a new group is created by clicking on New Group. iv.Under tend on the main CapWin menu, Autotest F2 is selected. Autotest settings screen is opened. s tress Type is clicked and Liquid Permeametry is selected from the discharge Selection box. Then, Elevated jam Test option is selected. v. At the Autotest screen, several information are keyed in. The fields are as below. Output File Name-user designated End User-user designated Test Reference-Liquid Permeametry Elevated Pressure Test Sample ID-user designated Lot Number-user designated Operator-user designated changeful-Water Surface Tension Diameter-3cm for all 3 samples Thickness-0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3 cm vi. Done on the Autotest screen is clicked. ii. The screened adapter plate is situated in the bottom of the sample chamber. The plate is aligned on triple chamber pins. The sample is placed on the top of the screened plate. The o-ring of the screened plate is checked so that it seals against the sample. Top adapter plate is place on the sample chamber. viii. The chamber insert is placed into the chamber. The insert should not be glare than the sample chamber height. ix. Start Tes t button is clicked. Starting pressure, level best pressure, point step pressure, maximum wait between points and maximum number of points are keyed in. Continue button is clicked after each value has been entered. . Sample chamber is filled with water. The lid is screwed and hand-tightened. Liquid fill hose with quick connect fitting is attached to the sample chamber lid. xi. gibber Ok on the Autotest screen and the test is started. xii. When the test has ended, a Test Done dialogue box appeared and clicked Ok. xiii. Test results may be viewed and analyze using CapRep. Select Report from the main CapWin menu and clicked on Execute Report to access the data from the test. xiv. Steps (iii) to (xiii) are repeated for different pressure gradient (10, 15, 20, and 30) and two different samples with thickness 0. 2 cm and 0. 3 cm. 7. 0 ResultFor PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L= 0. 1cm. Differential Pressure (psi) Average Permeability 5 0. 23993 10 0. 17461 15 0. 13315 20 0. 11792 30 0. 096196 For PP3 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L= 0. 2cm. Differential Pressure (psi) Average Permeability 5 0. 52692 10 0. 36709 15 0. 33807 20 0. 26133 30 0. 19841 For PP5 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L= 0. 3 cm. Differential Pressure (psi) Average Permeability 5 1. 0541 10 0. 70806 15 0. 50627 20 0. 37001 30 0. 29489 8. 0 Calculations i) PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L=0. cm at ? P= 5psi. From the plotted graph, q/A against ? P/L, a straight song obtained gives a gradient of 0. 148. From the gradient of graph, we can compute the permeability, k. Gradient = y2-y1x2-x1 = 4-127-6. 9 = 0. 148 Gradient = k 0. 148 = k0. 001 Pa. s , k = 0. 000148 m2 1. 48? 10-4 m2 The permeability, k obtained from the CapWin software is 0. 23993 cm2 2. 33993? 10-5 m2. ii) PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L=0. 1cm at ? P= 30psi. From the plotted graph, q/A against ? P/L, a straight line obtained gives a gradient of 0. 148. F rom the gradient of graph, we can compute the permeability, k.Gradient = y2-y1x2-x1 = 12-6195-98 Gradient = k 0. 062 = k0. 001 Pa. s , k = 0. 000062 m2 6. 2? 10-5 m2 The permeability, k obtained from the CapWin software is 0. 096196 cm2 9. 6196? 10-6 m2. iii) Calculations of Reynolds number At ? P= 5 psi, q= 2. 5424? 10-6 m3/s, V= 1. 7971? 10-9m/s, ? =1000kg/m3 Re= ? VD=10001. 7971? 10-9(0. 03)0. 001= 5. 3913? 10-5 (laminar flow) At ? P= 30 psi, q= 5. 2564? 10-6 m3/s, V= 3. 7155? 10-9m/s, ? =1000kg/m3 Re= ? VD=10003. 7155? 10-9(0. 03)0. 001= 1. 1147? 10-4 (laminar flow) 9. 0 Discussion Permeability of PP1 sample membrane at ? P = 5 psi and ?P = 30 psi are k = 0. 23993 cm2 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and k = 0. 096196 cm2 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. By plotting graphs of q/A against ? P/L, the compute permeability is 1. 48? 10-4 m2 at ? P = 5 psi and 6. 2? 10-5 m2 at ? P = 30 psi. The determine are different as being compared. This might due to the different techniques obscure in comp uting the values of permeability. The values from the liquid permeameter are more accurate as the values are computed as the test runs. Compared to the ones computed by plotting the graph, there might be some minor errors that make the values to be different from each other.Apart from that, the apparatus might not consort effectively or might be having some problems. Besides that, the sample membranes used are the old ones. As they are often used for testing, this might change or alter their permeability values as they oftenly pass through by fluids. For the tests, laminar flows did occur. Laminar flow occurs at the region in which the points from the graph intersect the straight line plotted. For two ? P = 5 psi and ? P = 30 psi, laminar flow did occur. For ? P = 5 psi, the Reynolds number is 5. 3913? 10-5 which is representative for laminar flow. For ?P = 30 psi, the Reynolds number is 1. 1147? 10-4 which is also representative for laminar flow. For graph at ? P = 5 psi, there i s only one point that intersects the straight line (best line of fit) plotted. This is because the pressure gradient is low so there is not more data for permeability is acquired as the test runs. It is different for graph at ? P = 30 psi, there are several points that are intersect or join by the straight line plotted. As the pressure is elevated to 30 psi, there are many data obtained for permeability at different pressures as the pressure increasing to 30 psi.As laminar flow is proven to occur in the test, so Darcys equation can be used. From the Darcys equation, we can relate that permeability of a medium is directly proportional to volumetric flow rate, dynamic viscosity of fluid and thickness of medium and is inversely proportional to pressure gradient. For membrane sample PP1 with thickness of 0. 1 cm, we can see that the average permeability of the membrane is decreasing with increasing pressure gradient. This drive occurs for other two membrane samples, PP3 thickness of 0 . 2 cm and PP5 thickness of 0. 3 cm.Permeability decrease as pressure gradient increase because the fluid, in this case water have to overcome certain pressure as they flow through the membrane samples. The pressure gradient acts as resistance to the flow. The high(prenominal) the resistance, little or less fluid can flow through the medium over a given time. It is also shown that for the same pressure gradient by using membranes with different thickness, the average permeability is higher for sample which is thicker. The different between the three membrane samples is only the thickness. They are of same cross-sectional area.As fluid flow they overcoming the same pressure gradient, same cross-sectional area, the amount of fluid that can be passed through is over often dependent on the thickness. When the fluid passes through membranes with large thickness, they are experiencing much effect through the membranes causing the permeability to be higher than the ones obtained with g nomish thickness. 10. 0 Conclusions The objectives of this experiment are achieved. The permeability of three membrane samples are obtained from the liquid permeameter-elevated pressure tests. The permeability of the PP1 sample at ? P = 5 psi and ? P = 30 psi are k = 0. 3993 cm2 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and k = 0. 096196 cm2 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. Laminar flow conditions are also created where Darcys equation can be used. From the data obtained from the tests, we are able to deduce relationship between permeability and other components of Darcys equation. Although the compared values are differing from the each other, we can say that the experiment is still a success as we are able to achieve the main objectives. 11. 0 Recommendations In order to baffle more accurate results, ensure that the apparatus used (liquid permeameter) is in good enough condition and is maintained regularly.Besides that, using new or fresh membrane samples can improve the results. Not necessarily that f or every test to use new ones but replacing old ones with new ones as when they are in bad condition would help. The average permeability value would be more accurate and the values obtained from the graph would be of not much difference. 12. 0 References i) Brown, G. (n. d. ). Darcys Law. Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Darcys Law Basics and More http//biosystems. okstate. edu/darcy/LaLoi/basics. htm ii) Darcys Law. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Darcys Law http//www. ldeo. columbia. du/martins/hydro/lectures/darcy. html iii) Laminar Flow. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Hyper Physics http//hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/pfric. html iv) Laminar, Transitional or Turbulent Flow. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from The Engineering tool cabinet http//www. engineeringtoolbox. com/laminar-transitional-turbulent-flow-d_577. html v) Oilfield Glossary. (2012). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Schlumberger http//www. glossary. oilfield. slb. com/Displa y. cfm? Term=permeability vi) Permeability. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from NDT Resource Center http//www. ndt-ed. rg/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/Permeability. htm 13. 0 Appendices Graph1 q/A against ? P/L at ? P=5psi Graph 2 q/A against ? P/L at ? P= 30 psi image 1 Liquid permeameter Figure 2 Sample chamber Figure 3 Pressure cylinder Figure 4 Fluid bin Figure 5 The discharge port of water Figure 6 Yellow chip pullers For ? P = 5psi, ?P/L q/A 0 0 15. 919 3. 1536 19. 185 3. 4128 22. 623 3. 6631 26. 519 3. 9394 29. 866 4. 1191 32. 784 4. 1995 For ? P = 30 psi, ?P/L q/A ? P/L q/A ? P/L q/A 0 0 74. 1191 6. 529 142. 874 8. 724 5. 4528 2. 274 77. 339 6. 8886 146. 066 8. 948 12. 8498 2. 9474 81. 186 6. 7182 150. 051 9. 209 15. 9759 3. 1624 84. 434 7. 2454 153. 216 9. 497 19. 0896 3. 4502 88. 364 7. 1371 156. 263 9. 495 22. 5177 3. 7128 91. 687 7. 0481 159. 821 9. 957 26. 6236 4. 057 94. 541 6. 9633 163. 875 9. 468 29. 9179 4. 1482 97. 858 7. 126 167. 619 9. 357 32. 471 4. 2458 98. 775 8. 4774 170. 453 9. 444 35. 9619 4. 449 100. 678 7. 2947 173. 287 9. 683 39. 2052 4. 7036 104. 677 7. 94 176. 741 9. 692 44. 044 5. 186 107. 986 7. 9996 180. 85 10 47. 068 5. 1119 116. 322 8. 1839 184. 373 10. 5 49. 7694 5. 697 118. 307 8. 042 187. 213 10 53. 2892 5. 3991 122. 31 8. 399 190. 655 11. 1 56. 6594 5. 51 125. 161 8. 437 193. 936 10. 19 59. 9503 5. 8797 128. 615 8. 379 198. 032 10. 3 63. 3005 6. 0421 132. 325 8. 492 201. 679 10 66. 792 6. 2865 135. 517 8. 692 205. 078 10 69. 7064 6. 1141 138. 523 8. 76