International Human Rights Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International humans Rights Law - Essay Examplef attaching to third knowledge base repressive regimes and conflict zones often permits the most horrific human rights abuse through promulgation of nauseating business practices as pointed by GE1. Several of these multi-national firms be accused of economic imperialism and the fostering of intercountry competition as related in Blake,et al 2. Governed by the rules of supply and demand, their loyalties are solely afforded to their stockholders.Amidst accusations and public scrutiny, extra-territorial corporate regulations are implemented to address human rights concerns as provided by U.S. Dept. of Commerce3. Serious calls for legislative challenges alleged that the American administration as a whole benefited from this internationalization of production and marketing. As the parent country of TNCs, such allegations created worship among the public officials who are likely dragged into the difficult situation. As a result of these concerns, the government has imposed mingy measures to unravel the complications of jurisdictional disputes and direct relationship of the parent state and the host country over the transnational corporations. Along with other parent countries standard policies for control were ceremonious to meet the specific demands of their parents and host.In result a number of multinational corporations countered with their own voluntary policies and/or codes developed with industry groups, intergovernmental organizations and multi-stakeholder initiatives to provide as an adjunct to the established principles provided by the state or parent countries, in Simons4. Voluntary Principles were also established by the United States and United Kingdom to offer as guidelines for human rights assessment techniques. The United Nations Human Rights Responsibilities also upheld an effective model for voluntary self-assessment and verification methods to ensure corporate accountability.Problems are often encountered though at their regulations especially in

Country Exploration (5 of 5) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

demesne Exploration (5 of 5) - Essay ExampleThus, refinement of commodities makes an economy enter and survive into the transnational grocery store. Hence, the simplest way of step the value of a product is the demand of that commodity. The same is the case with measuring the value of entering the international market.Entering into an international market gives the commodity an introduction with global perspective, where the exporters and importers belonging to the pole apart regions as well as divergent communities, races, religions and ethnic groups exchange their views regarding different products and the producers get an opportunity of highlighting the merits of their commodities on the one hand, and improving their quality to bringing them at international standards on the other. This is also applied on the growing economy of the world i.e. India. The Indians have command over selling their commodities in an extremely grand manner. It is also a fact beyond suspicion that I ndia sometimes imports products from other countries, provided presents these products as her declare at international level. For example, Gujranwala city of Pakistan produces the best of the best sift, which has no match all over the world, but Pakistan does not know how to sell it at international market. So, Pakistan sells rice to her neighbor country i.e. India, and India presents the same rice as her own product in a very sophisticated manner, and earns a lot let on of it. Not only this that India earns financial gains, but also wins applause from all corners because of her splendid presentation. Hence, entering into international market helps India enter into more and more new contracts with other importers and businessmen of the world. Consequently, India finds magnificent economic gains epoch entering the international market. Thus, the best methodology of measuring the value of entering of an economy into an international market is the growth in the export volume and n umber of the

Evaluate the evidence that Mass Extinctions are Periodic Term Paper

Evaluate the evidence that big bucks Extinctions are Periodic - Term Paper ExampleExtinction is a reality. The research touches on extinction. The research delves on the the quantify rate of flow of extinction. Extinction is triggered by succession period. Extinction is defined as the dying of immense numbers of animals within a short period of time. Under the Permian Triassic period, animal extinction occurred on some groups of animals. Under this period, the dying of huge group so animals is identified as Great death. The extinction occurred at 251 million long time ago. The period is the middle period separating the Permian Period and the Triassic geologicalal periods. The period is known as the most severe because there were more than extinctions during the period, when compared to the extinctions that had occurred during the other time periods (www.sciencedialy.com). another(prenominal) time period is the Mesozoic The Meozoic period falls within the Phanerozoic time pe riod. The Mesozoic period is divide into 3 periods. The there periods are the Triassic period, the Jurassic Period, and the Cretaceous period. http//www.sciencedaily.com/articles/m/mesozoic.htm A third time period is the Paleozoic. The Paleozoic period is described as the geologic time scale. It is 1 of the four geologic time periods. The Paleozoic time period is composed of six distinct periods. The periods begin with the Cambrian period. Next, the Ordovician period crops up. Third, the Silurian period arrives. Fourth, the Devonian Period crops up. Next, the Carboniferous period creeps in. Last, the Permian period replaces the prior time period. The Paleozoic time period begins in 542 MYA to about 251 MYA. The Paleozoic period comes after the Precambrian Period. The Mesozoic Period replaces the Paleozoic time period. The Cenozoic Time Period is divided into four classic geological historic period. The first is the Paleoogene period. The insurgent period is Neogene. The paleogen e is divided into four periods. The first period is the Miocene period. The second period is the Pliocene Period. The third period is the Pleistocene. The fourth part time period is the Holocene. A fourth time period is the Cretaceous -Tertiary Extinction. The Cretaceous Period is one of the major divisions of the Geological timescale. The Cretaceous period starts at the end of the Jurassic period, estimated at 146 million years ago. The Jurassic time period (which the popular dinosaur movie, Jurassic Park, was based) covers the time period from 200 Million years ago and at the end of the Triassic time period to 146 million years ago. The article Mass Extinctions Giant Fossils Are Revolutionizing Current Thinking states the extinctions occurred from 1 million years, after the biggest extinction of all time, the Permian -Triassic extinction, had been observe by international team (Nutzel et al. 2010). The extinction can be described as the decline in the quantity of organisms duri ng the same time period. The article clearly shows the different mass extinctions where biodiversity is reduced. Over the past 540 years, more than 19 mass extinctions have cropped up. The factors that triggered the mass extinctions are described as environmental conditions. For example, the change of the Oceans type O level to a lower, uncomfortable conditions. Next, the change oceans waters have become poisonous. In addition, the survival of the fittest rationale forces the strong animals to wipe out the weak competitors for food. Consequently, the present supply chain is disrupted. For example, the gastropods or bivalves could not change to

The Rise of a Whole Deaf Identity Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Rise of a Whole Deaf Identity - name ExampleThe key concepts of these essays are the importance of rejecting traditional modes of confabulation and precept that do not detect and promote Ameri can buoy Sign Language (ASL) as a natural, dynamic language system and the import of continuously expanding access to and use of the artistic and literature channels by which the Deaf community can behave themselves and become more visible to the public.Two articles underscore the theme of challenging traditional modes of communication and education that disenfranchise Deaf individuals from learning ASL as a natural and vibrant language system. Kuntze (2008) explained the differences between analogic and digital communication modes where analogic expressions include gestures and intonations, for instance, while digital communication consists of arbitrary symbols that a specific group has presumption meaning to (Kuntze, 2008, p. 148). He stresses that written communication falls under digital languages, while ASL combines analogic and digital communication modes (Kuntze, 2008, p. 148). He compared the importance of making inferences and understanding visual language for both written language and ASL to chuck out that ASL is also a rich, visual language like the written and spoken word. Kuntze (2008) concluded that literacy cannot be measurable through writing and reading skills, but on the ability to process content and to organize and express ideas to others (p. 154).

Leveraging Data, Information, and Knowledge for Competitive Advantage Essay

Leveraging Data, Information, and Knowledge for Competitive expediency - Essay ExampleThe solution then came out to be the term which is now known as competitive benefit. The term means that internal factor or product strength or precise success factor or the product itself or any service which nonpareil specific presidential term does best when it comes to the others in the same industry. (Hope, 1997) When that edge is keep over time, not permanently, but for a world-shattering amount of time, and when a noticeable amount of market share is snatched by that particular company, based on that factor that only this company possesses over its competitors, then that is known as the competitive advantage that one firm has in the industry that it belongs to. Companies are always striving to efficiently and put inively utilize the resources that they amaze and gain a competitive advantage over the rivals that they have, since having one goes a long way in making the company success ful and stand out in the market, increasing the goodwill both in the eyes of customers and only other stakeholders associated with the company. As mentioned above, such a competitive advantage is not permanent, so a company should not release the pressure of competition once a competitive advantage has been gained. Rather, they should continually try to develop themselves to achieve the zenith when it comes to different factors, so that an edge can be maintained over time and with consistency.Management Information Systems (MIS) are not the regular computer systems, since they specialize in providing the user with analysis of all the other information systems that are synchronized with it and which take care of all the operational activities which take place in the organizations. Usually the daily decision making that a director has to go through is more or less related with the those activities which have a direct effect on the cash flows and liquidity of the company, that is, t he operational activities. (Davenport, 2000) And therefore, the MIS systems make use of

A Response to R.A.V v City of St. Paul Case Study

A Response to R.A.V v City of St. capital of Minnesota - Case Study ExampleThe hail case of R.A.V v. city of St. Paul would nominate revised the definition of the hate speech communication guided by the provisions of the commencement ceremony Amendment. The court should have convicted the white teenager based on the injury caused by burning a cross in front of a black familys residence. The act was injurious in spirit based on Butlers argument that any speech or act with elements that call for hate or racism should be prosecuted. The cross was the fighting symbol that the plaintiff used to grow anger and resentment to the black family. The misdemeanor caused by the white teenager would have been by the campaign court for prosecution instead of dismissing the charge.Butler is convinced that the act of cross burning amounts to hate speech and should not be protected by the constitution. Additionally, the decision by the court to include the provisions of the original Amendmen t to dismiss the case was irrelevant. The Minnesota court would have ruled in favor of the City of St. Paul instead of dismissing the destructiveness of cross burning (Butler, 2013). The court ruling can be used by racists to exact heinous act against other community guided by the protection of speech in the constitution. The court decision would have been based on the historical accounts that relate to cross-burning. The act has been used before to prolong out racist attacks black families in the United States. Butler established that the court was wrong because it failed to dig past cases of cross burning. She entangle that the act itself contained a threat that could be prosecuted in court.Butler felt that the constitution should have included cross burning in the list of fires (Butler, 2013). The court ruling would have prosecuted the teenager based on the definition of fire in RAV v. St. Paul case. The ruling would pave the mien for amendments in the way the constitution p rotects citizens free speech.

Genral planning (related to the city that you choosed) Essay

Genral planning (related to the city that you choosed) - examine ExampleThis paper foc commits on come to usance planning as an important element in the general planning of the city of Los Angeles.With a population of nearly 3.8 million people as per the 2010 census, Los Angeles city is currently the most populous city in California. The city is known all over the world as a center of entertainment, culture, trade and technology. As firm to the Hollywood entertainment industry, Los Angeles is also home to many of the worlds celebrities. The general plan of Los Angeles was primarily designed to be a strategy of the future growth of the city using the population forecasts as the basis of planning. Consequently all the elements of a citys general planning are intended to accommodate the future populations in a way that enhances environmental conservation.Just like many other cities around the world, demographic and spatial changes such as transport congestion are proving to be t he major challenges facing sustainable land use in the city of Los Angeles and its environment (Davis, 23). As a result, land use planning in Los Angeles has been mostly based on the principles of sustainability in an attempt to mitigate both the present and future challenges regarding the dynamics of urban land use. Additionally land use planning in the city of Los Angeles is also designed to agitate the growth and development of both the residential neighborhoods and commercial districts of the city with regard to the future growth in population.The general planning of the city of Los Angeles has designated specific locations to be used for particular new land uses. The land use in these locations is determined by the respective community plans. A number of land use categories in the city of Los Angeles are in the areas that were originally designated for industrial, commercial and residential uses. It is however worth noting that the

Genomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Genomics - Essay ExampleBecause of the use of goods and services that genomics has been proven to play in disease, forward-looking checks commonly are responsible for eliciting at least three generations from patients (Consensus, 2008). Nurses play a critical role in assessment of this information for use in preventative care, prognostics, selection of treatment, and treatment evaluation, necessitating firm reason of genomic principles. Nurses are an essential educational resource for patients unaware of genomic technologies. Nurses also serve as advocates for clients that may value from genomic services and for the rights of those clients to ask autonomous, informed genomic and genetic based decisions. As part of the nursing assessment, genomics go aways a nurse to establish risk factors based on family history of disease. Perhaps more importantly, however, the nursing assessment should embarrass patient attitude and knowledge of genetic and genomic technologies that may be beneficial. This assessment will also allow other healthcare professionals to interact more effectively with the patients by understanding their biopsychosocial views and is critical in allowing patients to make informed decisions based on these new technologies.

Storytelling as Artifice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Storytelling as Artifice - try ExampleWhereas art is an umbrella definition for both creative or innovative work, artifice is a sub intend of art that employs some trick to impart some sense into the conscience of good deal who happens to be the target group for a given literary work. The work of art is like a societal mirror to the society but it needs to be blended with some concepts that brings people nigher to it and this is what constitute the role of artifice.Yunior, in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, repeatedly calls attention to the artifice which is nonp beil of the often assumed literary concept but very useful. This literary work was written to situation out some of the social injustices meted on the inhabitants of Caribbean Islands which was predominantly slaves of African descent. Spain happens to have been unitary of the European nations that took find out of Dominican Island and it is intriguing to find out how they practised racial discrimination and a dopted a juridic strategy of planting their culture and weeding out their perceived worthless social order among their colonies. One of the literary tools depicting artifice in this work is allegory of violence. The colonial countries and Spain in the context of this work was a true reflection of violence. They engaged the slaves in Dominican Republic in hard labour on a lower floor inhuman conditions characterized by lack of basic needs like food, clothing and healthcare provision. Taking reassure of another person is not a peaceful process and this explain why even the Spanish applied cruelty to stamp their authority like any other colonial authority to subdue the blacks in Dominica Republic. The world violence is almost synonymous to the Spanish colonial era and reminds the citizens and other literary audience of the dark past which its effects is still being felt to this date. The plantations machine is a honey oil word used within the novel to illustrate the depth of inhum an treatment the slaves were subjected to. It also symbolises the tumultuous diffusing power of the social restructuring that the Spanish community imposed in Caribbean Island. Symbolism plays a commutation role in exhibiting the heights of artifice in forcing the meaning of the literary work to the audience. The history of Caribbean is referred to as a culture of gap due to the in fills of the colonizers cultures within the culture of the inhabitants of Dominican Republic. It sends the racial apartheid that was set to wipe to reduce the influence and perpetuation of the slaves culture or completely wipe out their social structure and realign it to their own. By using the word erase, the author simply states that the western cultures was forcefully replacement the colony socio-cultural framework and rendering them confused in Spanish cultures that ranged from language to way of doing things (Rennison, 36-8). It is relatively simpler for any person reading to grasp the concept of e raser from the word go and this explains the suitability of this literary tactic. The author I also stressing the use of refined language to convey meaning as this forms the basis of communication. Even if one look at the quote gap, it is quite clear before an individual go darksome into the book to understand that there exists some spaces which are either created or existed before. It is worth noting these words are bound to stick in the mind of an

Healt effect of Roundup Ready Crops Research Paper

Healt effect of Roundup Ready Crops - Research Paper exemplificationThis report provides research that Roundup Ready crops micturate not proven safe for uptake.The primary audience for this composing is the consumers of Roundup Ready crops, with at least a high school diploma, some college education and perhaps a college degree. The audience may also be interested in gaining knowledge concerning the side effects from the consumption of Roundup Ready crops. More importantly, my instructor Robert Crane is also my audience for this paper.The purpose of this paper is to educate consumers slightly the adverse health effects that are caused by the consumption of Roundup Ready crops grown by genetic completelyy modified seeds. This paper willing present research that has proven Roundup Ready crops and the residues left behind from sprayer crops with Roundup can have adverse long term health implications. The various types of health effects will also be presented within this paper.The current report explored the viewpoints from authors who forthwith disagree as well asthose who directly agree with the thesis statement. The report concluded that there are a lot of recent articles that deal in favor of the thesis statement.Furthermore, the articles that argue against the thesis statement were harder to find and many of those articles were not as recent as articles that have been published supporting the thesis. The World Health Organization has reported that all genetically modified organisms including Roundup ready crops that are currently sold in the international markets today have all passed the risk assessment tests required to receive a permit to conduct such business(Domingo, 2007). harmonise to the research from a 13 week study performed by Hammond et al. (2004) on two groups of Sprague Dawley rats did not orient any significant health effects in either the control or non-control groups.Carpenter (2001)

Class Dialogue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Class Dialogue - Assignment modelingMoreover, the book provides insights on how there have been faithful communities who have passionately followed the way of Christ disdain the numerous challenges they face.b.) Pope Francis Evangelii Gaudium Chapter II 50-60 Chapter IV 186 198 Accessed Online from http//w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20131124_evangelii-gaudium.htmlThe source provides diverse issues and themes that relate to how benevolent beings relate to one another and to the environment. Chapters II (50-60) elaborates on the challenges that humanity is facing in the modernistic domain of a function that range from idolatry of money, having financial systems that rules rather than serving, inequality that leads to violence to cultural challenges. Chapter IV (186-198)emphasizes on the cellular inclusion of the poor in the society, communities and individuals as instruments of God to liberate and promote the poor , mans union with God, the faithfulness to the gospel and the special place of the poor in Gods pot. In addition, the chapter discuses solidarity as a spontaneous reaction by people who recognize that the societal function of property and the general close of goods are certainties that come before private material goods. It is a relevant source to the topic at hand because it provides information about the current issues (both social and religious) that are taking place in the modern world.Bishop Kenneth urges people not to forget the poor and the needy and that we should always give them a priority in whatever we are doing. He urges people not to ignore them because of their status and also to help them indiscreetly. Moreover, Bishop Kenneth challenges people that everyone is capable of helping the needy (poor) irrespective of how little they have since what matters most is giving with a spontaneous heart.This quote argues that the modern world has changed to be full of inequali ties whereby it is only the strongest who can survive

Good Man Is Hard To Find By Flannery O'Connor Research Paper

Good Man Is Hard To learn By Flannery OConnor - Research Paper suitOConnor drew experiences for her work from growing up as a Catholic in the second and this explains why she featured religious themes by having priest characters in her work. She had her first publication while at the University of Iowa undertaking her masters degree. Afterwards, she went on to spend time at a Sarasota Springs, Yaddo that is acclaimed as a retreat for New York artists. Her most recognized work was A Good Man is Hard to Find and other stories published in 1955 and in 1965 Everything that Rises must Converge. She received mixed awards, most prominent the O Henry Award in 1957 and posthumously, in 1972 the National Book Award. Introduction Cited as one of the scoop examples of Southern Gothic literature, A Good Man is Hard to Find is set around a family of six- a grandmother, Bailey, his wife, baby and two children as well as a character known as The Misfit. These are the main characters of the story that is centered on the family going on vacation to east Tennessee as suggested by the grandmother, instead of Florida which was Baileys original idea. ... The family ignores Baileys mother referred to simply as The grannie and heads reach to Florida from their home in Georgia the following day. In the morning the family sets off with The Grandmother being seen to countenance gained enthusiasm for the trip, she secretly stows away her cat in a basket and wears a dress and a hat with flowers stating that this would ensure that if they had an accident people would be able to recognize her as a doll (OConnor 3b). This paper seeks to explore a theme of grace versus contradictory Christian beliefs following the beliefs held by The Grandmother and The Misfit. The contradictory Christian belief is a general mistrust of others that The Grandmother mentions whereas The Misfit is seen to live a demeanor of remorselessness yet he wonders about Jesus. The story is generally a dark erratic tale where its comical feature is mainly brought out by the character of The Grandmother. While in the car headed towards Florida, The Grandmother tells the children various stories one such being about one of her suitors a man by the name Edgar Atkins Teagarden who brought her a watermelon each week carved with his initials- E.A.T but one time a black kidskin ate the watermelon because he read the watermelons as eat (OConnor 5b). The family then proceeds to stop by a restaurant known as Tower owned by a man named reddish Sammy Butts, here OConnor highlights the theme of mistrust through Red Sammy who states that he had sold gas to almost men promising that they would return to pay him but they did not. He tells this story to The Grandmother who commends him for being smorgasbord and calls him a good man. Red Sammys wife comes into the conversation stating that she also does not trust anyone, her conserve included. Red Sammy maintains

IP - English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IP - side - Essay Exampleulcates a drive in me to achieve success in the course, challenges that I take everywhere in the way of achieving my goals include but are not limited to my laziness, and occasional lack of major power to draw a balance between my work life and my social life. Sometimes, I spend also much time studying because of which I cannot find every time for leisure activities to refresh myself mentally and physically. At other times, I hang out with my friends for too long to be left with any time for studies. However, my desire for having a bright future keeps me on the track most of the time.One need motivation in order to develop salutary write skills in academic and professional life. motif comes from realization of the benefits of good written material skills. I derive the motivation to develop good theme skills from imagining how headspring I would be able to perform in my studies and at work when I develop good writing skills. I imagine myself writing essays, participating in essay-writing contests, writing and winning debate competitions, and writing long passages in short time thus saving time for other questions in the exams. I also imagine myself being able to convince the employers to hire me through my professional email writing and resume building. Winning such competitions and jobs builds ones confidence which is very essential for living a happy life.I have noticed a lot of improvement in my writing skills over the passage of time. My writing skills have improved particularly since I started writing essays. I have realize that one needs to practice a lot in order to develop good writing skills. Reading essays from professional writers also helps develop the concept of writing and understand its various genres. In assenting to that, watching movies and reading books helps one develop a good sense of phrases and styles of language that are utilise in everyday life. In the start, I found it hard to write long essays and keep my thoughts cerebrate on a certain topic, but with time,

Managing a Banks Sources and Uses of Funds Essay

Managing a cants Sources and Uses of capital - Essay ExampleThe essay Managing a Banks Sources and Uses of Funds provides an overview of the principal types of deposits offered by TD Bank. Direct deposits offered by TD Bank enable the account bearer to avail the designated salary amounts payable through salary checks or social security checks without having to wait for the checks to clear. Funds are made available to the account holder on the designated date. Remote deposits are yet another(prenominal) product offered by the TD Bank. This enables the account holders to deposit their checks from their office by scanning the check and sending the check to the bank. The bank captures the image and the funds are available to the account holder on the very bordering business day. It has been voted as one of the best national banks that offers its customers high-quality services and convenience in banking through unrivalled hours. The Bank offers competitive rates of interest on its d eposits. The banks interest rates on savings accounts and other deposit accounts are much higher than other banks. The bank offers its customers a derive of value-added benefits that include a waiver on charges on access to online statements for 7 years, free online banking, free line pay services, access to mobile banking with free mobile deposits, and waiver on purchase fees for a demonstrate card. The non-deposit liabilities of the TD Bank include mortgages, capital notes, and debentures. The interest earned from these products is much higher when compared to the market rates offered by other financial institutions.

Marketing plan to promote the music album & EP Essay

merchandising plan to promote the music album & EP - Essay ExampleTiago Cerqueira Tiago is the rock star of the classic, ballad and R&B. His ideas are wild, borderline insane, exclusively it always hits the spot. He doesnt follow rules and certainly doesnt instruct them.The digital generation, although extremely open on different ideas, is also extremely selfish. They may give you quintet seconds of their time but the only way they will give you the sixth second and the succeeding one is when it becomes about them.Launch the Participation Project. The Most Amazing Video project will be launch. I am not sure what his starting line single is going to be. I just assumed its the song he sang in the video. The idea is to ask wad to submit a photo, a message, or a video of the people they cipher are amazing in their life and explicate why. They can do it by emailing, tagging the artist on facebook or Twitter. Those photos, videos and messages will be used for the start official mu sic video of Mike L.s first single. Unfortunately, I dont think anyone has ever done a video want this so I cant digest a peg but that means the idea is original.For Tiago, the concept of the video should follow his first single. For example, if his first single is about failures, then he can create a video featuring the most terrible moments of people. It doesnt have to call for submissions. He can harvest data from the web. For example, harvest tweets of different people talking about failures, or photos featuring failures (again, that is if his first single is about failure. The theme will adjust accordingly).Forums like radiomute.com, musicbanter.com, keepmusicalive just make sure that you establish your identity early before posting links to the album or the mods will delete and ban your IP. You might need to pay someone to do this but forums are major traffic drivers. There are online marketers who have accounts to different forums, you can pay them to stir you on these si tes and drive interest towards the

Counseling African Americans Essay Example for Free

Counseling Afri back Americans Essay march and Sues Chapter 14 Counseling African Americans spends a great hump of effort exploring cultural particulars and corresponding clinical implications while working with African Americans factors such as family dynamics, educational orientation, spirituality, and the pressures and stress of racial discrimination and marginalization. This offered me perspective through a lens much broader than my own somewhat narrow, preponderantly white, and fairly privileged way of relating to the world. Before understanding culturally appropriate interventions, wholeness must let an understanding of the cultural context or the cultural word of an individual. For me, this first means that going aways must be noned, either literally in relationship with the African American thickening or simply as a clinical observation I make on my own. Of course the difference in the 2 will depend on the client, context, and general relevancy in the moment. In my own suffer, noting racial difference aloud with a client has been most helpful in that it gives permission for the potentially taboo payoff of hurry and differences to be considered, brought into the space at a later epoch, and even into the forefront of sensibleness.Apart from the transparent therapeutic relationship, noting difference is a personal reminder that I am no expert on anyones experience but my own, I may make mistakes (and probably will), I should steer comport of assumptions, its ok to be curious, and to do my homework. Once a general understanding of differences is established, then one can begin to consider appropriate therapeutic interventions. Lets take the issue of racism and discrimination the spin-off of these atrocities oftentimes manifests as defense and survival mechanisms in Black Americans.Which can leave behind to a general mistrust or as its stated (by Sue and Sue) a come up-grounded cultural paranoia, as a way of coping. This mistrust can be of individuals, entire races of people, the government, social function providers With this in mind, its important to determine what the clients feelings and understandings about therapy are. To touch base and condone what kind of therapy I engage in, how it can be helpful to them, and what can be expected of our time together. Hopefully this will help to assuage uneasy feelings of fear of the unknown or mistrust, as well as set up a foundation for a healthy therapeutic alliance.Although Sue and Sues Afrocentric perspective can be helpful it can also simultaneously be viewed as reductive. Its important not to discount individual differences by universalizing traits of African Americans. Self cannot be define as a unitary concept evolving from a single defining variable, such as race or gender (Williams, 1999). For instance, not all women are nurturing, caring, and relational. Similarly, not all African Americans possess an African ethos of communalism or spirituality. Race, cl ass, sexual orientation, and gender are all complex interactive components that make up the self.To climax a client through the lens of merely one of these variables, means potentially silencing a exchange component of their identity. Additionally, it is also necessary to consider an internal state without regard to the social demands of each variable. Collectively, these considerations can aide to a more holistic view when working with African American clients. Part deuce After spending a division in practicum at the SF county jail, I feel as though Ive had a fairly decent introduction to working with African American females.When I began practicum I had had very little training in diversity or cross-cultural counseling. Turns out that a year in the jail was one large training in diversity and cross-cultural counseling direct Im able to pin my personal experience against the readings and gauge my success as a culturally competent therapist. When assessing my strengths, I find that I possess a keen and tremendously sympathetic understanding of how the stress of racism, sexism, and oppression can manifest in African American women. Oftentimes the byproduct of this stress is what brings the individual to jail.As a clinician, I can confidently say that I am able to enter the therapeutic relationship with a greater capacity for empathy because of this understanding and build a strong alliance as an ally as well as a therapist. Im not afraid to make mistakes and find no attachment to being right these qualities will only support me as a clinician. In addition, my upfront demeanor and willingness to self-disclose swallow had a remarkable furbish up on the therapeutic relationship. My empathy is strongly with women and their plight of identifying and addressing all the isms that stand between them and equality, wholeness, and health.Frequently, those isms are at the custody of men and I certainly maintain a bias towards this, and towards men in general. It s no accident that I spent an entire year of practicum working solely with women although it wasnt a conscious choice, I believe on some level I chose not to work with men. I have incredible biases towards men as perpetrators and oppressors and men and their privilege, African American men as well as Caucasian. These biases keep me terrified at the thought of working with male clients. I imagine gobs and heaps of countertransference between male clients and myself countertransference that is full of pain and rage.Im not sure that I have much to offer men inside the therapeutic space. I dont believe this to be my final answer, I just know that I have some work to do around my relationship with men before I make the leap of working with them in such sacred space. Essentially, it all comes down to two core qualities- and they are humility and flexibility humility in all that I think I know and the flexibility to shift or discard that knowledge. My experience of working with, knowing, and reading about African American culture, difference, and oppression may or may not serve me as a therapist at any given moment.What works for and makes sense in the context of Client A, may not be so for Client B, and vise versa. Although it is crucial to have fundamental knowledge of the legacy of oppression against African American people and to consider factors such as interdependence, collectivism, and emotional vitality as presumed long- standing black personality traits, I must also be able to draw connections between those factors and the individual experience- much like the womanist techniques mentioned in Carmen Braun Williams article African American Women, Afrocentrism and Feminism Implications for Therapy.As a therapist, I am responsible for guiding and supporting the client in making the shift from object to subject transferring ownership of self from one whose self is outwardly determined to one who is self- determining (Freire, 1990). And practice practice practice , with an open heart, ears, and mind. References Braun Williams, C. (1999). African American women, afrocentrism and feminism Implications for therapy. Women Therapy, Vol. 22(4) 1999. Freire, P. (1990). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York Continuum. Sue, D. Sue, D. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse Theory and practice, Chapter 14.

Civil service and economic freedom Essay Example for Free

Civil benefit and economical freedom EssayAround a decade ago, Hong Kong became the hottest topic not beca employment of some fete notwithstanding rather due to a political event. On July 1, 1997, the sovereignty of Hong Kong was officially transferred to the Peoples Republic of china from the United Kingdom. The Handover, as it is most often called, signaled the official end of British rule on the colony. At present, Hong Kong is unity of the top financial centers of the dry land. It cannot be denied however that the handover was a significant event in its history. It is then important to keep in mind that in studying the history of Hong Kong and learning about the place, one has to give emphasis on this event. One resource to read is a paper written by Ming K. Chan titled, The Legacy of the British Administration of Hong Kong A View from Hong Kong, published in The China Quarterly in 1997. In the paper, Chan gives his insights on four major contributions by the British t o Hong Kong as cited by Christopher Patten, the last British Governor of the colony. The four major contributions are rule of law, democratization, civil service and economic freedom.Chan uses these four points embossed as his starting points in discussing the legacies of the British. Chan however does not stop merely at describing what these legacies are but goes on to show its weaknesses and flaws. Under the rule of law for example, he states that the legal system implemented by the British in Hong Kong was, like most legal system, aimed at providing fair and equal justice to all(prenominal) citizen. These same laws though turned out to be not just draconian in spirit but also discriminatory.Specifically laws that were said to be anti-Chinese thus failing to achieve the aim that it was designed to give. One example of its failure is that during the British rule, English and not Chinese was the preferred language employ by courts. As a result, even if the courts practiced a ju ry system, only those who were able to wee a higher education were able to serve. In effect, this implies that the jury system failed because it did not represent the nine in general. The paper also contests the idea that Hong Kong had economic freedom.The paper admits that while Hong Kong did achieve a world class status, the British still intervened in matters that carried significant importance. The principle of laissez-faire, while a good economic concept, was instead misused to the point that it covered up unfair practices by the government. An example is the rule requiring the use of motor vehicles manufactured by the British public buses. While civil service has always been considered as the foundation of British rule, the reality in Hong Kong is that the state of the civil service system is not as efficient as it seems.The paper considers this as somewhat ironic since the localization of the civil service only when the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed. The pa per further cites that with the hierarchy being led by people who drop little or no understanding of China or even the Chinese community in Hong Kong, their effectiveness as administrators is rather lessened. The biggest failure though is under the British civil service system, those in power failed to participate in the issue of the reintegration.

The needs of society Essay Example for Free

The needs of society EssaySensitivity and sensation to the needs of society helps authorities of educational institutions guide students toward success non only for themselves but for their expanse as well. Reading about the No Child left hand Behind Act (NCLB) and the connections of Human imagery Development with vocational training reinforces my belief that teaching is merely transferring knowledge. Understanding the needs of society helps administrators of educational institutions form our own programs that would lead towards the success of education as a tool for Americas economic supremacy. However, upon reading news such as the one by USATODAY. coms Richard Benedetto (2003), my own controvert belief in the NCLB has been reinforced. My experience showed me that children have their own strengths and weaknesses that do not always involve academics. NCLB seems to be an ideal political move but it has ineffective because of its wrong principles. The real causes of student academic unsuccessful person most of the time is rooted on family issues. What NCLB and those who are interested in creating a good run force for the USA must consider is that success has to deal with more than just academic and skills training.How valuable are academics and skills training compared to the inculcation of moral values? If No Child must be Left Behind, then what kind of standards can we practically create when children are individuals who have their own weaknesses and strengths that are not always academic based? Gary Becker (1992), Nobel Prize Winner, believes that employees can only be true assets of a smart set if they are not only trained with skills but also if they learn how to deal with their colleaguesa melodic theme not mentioned in the articles that keep focusing on the needs of the future labor force.With families disinterested in academic success for children and companies ignoring the idea that workers succeed if they have better relationships, does the problem really lie on the institutions built or the priorities our country has really learned to place importance on?ReferencesBecker, G. (1992). The Economic delegacy of Looking At Life. Economic Sciences. 44. Benedetto, R. (2003). Suit against No Child Left Behind about education, politics. Retrieved may 30, 2008, from http//www. usatoday. com/news/opinion/columnist/benedetto/2005- 04-23-benedetto_x. htm

Richard III by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Richard III by William Shakespe atomic number 18 EssayThis essay is to assess how much sympathy the nave and harmless battle of battle of Hastings deserves after being fooled by the cunning Richard III and f anying into his trap of rely him.In Act I motion picture I, Richard plays the loving, faithful and devoted brother when Clarence arrives at the tower, and sympathises greatly with Hastings. He pretends to be worried by the news of Edwards poor health, suggesting not simply his family loyalty, but also his care for the nation. In his conversations with both Clarence and Hastings, Richard slanders Queen Elizabeth and her relatives, blaming them for all of the ills that have befallen both Clarence and Hastings, claiming that is was she that convinced the tycoon to have them send to the tower in the introductory place.Throughout the conversation with Hastings, Richard flatters his victim, singing him what he wants to hear and as Hastings does not like Queen Elizabeth due t o previous events, he is taken in by what Richard has been telling him. More pity that eagles should be mewd While kites and buzzards prey at liberty (1.1.line132-3). In this quotation, Hastings is exploitation a metaphor describing his opinion on the matter of being sent to the tower by claiming that the eagles are he and Clarence who are trapped, whilst the kites and buzzards are the followers of the Queens court, who are allowed to do as they please.The shared hate of Queen Elizabeth between Hastings and Richard kindles a friendship between them, and as the audience, we arent taken in by his false concern and so know that this technique Richard has used to intrigue Hastings is extremely effective, and Hastings has fallen into the trap of trusting Richard. In this scene, some empathy is directed towards Hastings because in only the first scene we have seen Richard cast Hastings under his spell and Hastings becomes captivated, oblivious to the apparent bollix and depraved qualit ies of Richard. As the audience, from the outside looking in, we know a lot more about the opprobrious Richard than the character of Hastings due to the revelations in the opening soliloquy delivered powerfully by Richard, confessing his plans and motives to become king of England.In Act I Scene III, Old Queen Margaret, widow to the murdered King total heat and mother to the murdered Prince Edward enters a courtroom where persons such as Richard, Hastings, Buckingham and Queen Elizabeth are already present. She opens by reminding those attending of Richards earlier crimes interrupting the dispute to threaten and blame the assembled company that for overthrowing her husband, Henry IV. She is then accused of playing a part in the death of Richards brother, Rutland. Although attacked with allegations, Margaret is not deterred from her aim and proceeds to curse each of the characters in turn and prophesies their destruction.After cursing most of those surrounding her, when she reache s Hastings, she predicts And so wast thou, Lord Hastings, when my son Was stabbd with bloody daggers. God, I pray him, That n genius of you may live his inborn age, But by some unlooked accident skip eat up (1.3.line 210-213). By saying this, she foresees that Hastings will not live his life to a natural age and will be beheaded. This curse comes true and Hastings happens to remember her prophecy in his cobblers last speech before his death. Margaret warns the company against Richard, Thou elvish-markd, abortive, rooting hog, Thou that was seald in thy nativity The slave of temperament and son of hell (1.3.line 227-229). Margaret continues to argue with Richard, cursing him continually and then leaves. Rivers and Buckingham seem disturbed by her butterfingered words but by way of contrast, Richard remains calm and pretends to repent the wrongs that he did Margaret.At the clock time when Hastings is cursed he seems displaced by Margarets words as he doesnt reply, but later shak es it off by remarking False-boding woman, end thy frantic curse, Lest to thy harm thou move our patience. (1.3.line 246-7) and seemingly does so to prove to the others that he is not worried about the denunciation by overtly putting on a bravado. In this scene, not much sympathy is inflicted towards Hastings, as although he seems to be deterred by the curse, he puts it to the back of his mind, attempting to involve those surrounding him, especially Richard after striking up a friendship, and therefore appears arrogant.Act II Scene I begins with the ailing Kind Edward attempting to agnise peace between all of his friends and family, endeavouring to tie up all ends before he soon dies. He asks Hastings, Rivers, Dorset and Buckingham to profess their loyalty to each other and for sake of one of the last of wishes of a dying man, they pretend to do so. King Edward, on his deathbed, is attempting to reunite his friends and family, trying to make sure that he can die in peace, knowing that his family is content.

Effect of enzymes on reactions Essay Example for Free

offspring of enzymes on reactions EssayEffect of enzymes on reactionsIntroduction The function of every enzyme largely depends on the arrangement of its amino acids. The shape of an enzyme is so important such that any alteration or miscellanea in its amino acid ecological succession corporation have a huge effect on its function. An alteration to the amino acids in an enzyme does non only alter it shape but also its functionality. During a reaction, the whole enzyme does not take occasion but rather a small part known as the active localize. The shape and look of the active site in any enzyme is determined by its three dimensional structure. The active site of an enzyme houses the shape of the substrate that needs to be changed during the reaction. This means that enzymes and substrates work like a lock and key. Since a particular proposition key can only open a specific lock, this is explains why enzymes argon specific in their reactions.How enzymes change state rea ctions As noted earlier, enzymes serve as catalysts that speed up the rate at which biochemical reactions take place. They mainly work by offering a substitute path elbow room for reactions. Compared to early(a) catalysts, the pathway provided by enzymes reduces activation nada. The same with all other catalysts, enzymes participate in reactions and this is the main way through which they offer a substitute reaction pathway. However, it is worthy noting that enzymes do not undergo any permanent changes during a reaction but remain intact. There main role in a reaction is to increase the rate but not the position of the reaction equilibrium (Cornish-Bowden 47). Unlike chemicals that catalyze a number of reactions, enzymes are usually very selective and can only catalyze meticulous reactions. This characteristic can be attributed to the shape of molecules that make up enzymes. Majority of enzymes are made up of a protein and non protein known as the co pointor. In most cases, the proteins found in the enzymes are globular. Any change in temperature and pH disrupts the inter-molecular and intra-molecular bonds that hold the proteins together in their tertiary and secondary structures. This means that catalytic ability of an enzyme is temperature and pH sensitive. For any molecules to react, they must come into contact with one another. In other words, they must collide with enough energy and in the correct direction. Sufficient energy is important during a reaction because it helps the molecules stamp down the energy barrier to the reaction. This type of energy is known as activation energy. During a reaction, the active cheek of an enzyme attaches itself to one of the reacting molecules known as the substrate. A reaction catalyzed by an enzyme takes a different route compared to that catalyzed by other catalysts. The coming together of an enzyme and a substrate results in a reaction intermediate.Enzyme substrate Enzyme-substrate abstruse The best e xperiment that can be used to validate the claim that enzymes do in fact catalyze reactions is looking at how enzymes help human beings digest food. There are different types of foods that are consumed by human beings. Some of the most common foods consumed by people are the two types of sugars that is to say disaccharides and monosaccharaides. These two sugars are derived from foods like fruits which also contain fructose and glucose. All monosaccharides derived from the foods that we eat is absorbed nowadays and transported to different cells in the body (Cornish-Bowden 96). Unlike monosaccharides, disaccharides need to be broken down into their monosaccharide spurt before they can be absorbed into the body. In the absence of a catalyst, the rate at which the acculturation of monosaccharide galactose and glucose take place is very slow. Since human bodies require a lot of energy to function properly, it is important that the absorption process is wheted through the use of an enzyme. The main enzyme that is produced by human bodies to quicken the absorption process is known as a lactase. The experiment would involve the following steps.This experiment can be represented using the following diagram.Fill a tube with 20 ml of a lactose solution.Fill another tube with 20 ml of lactose solution and 2 ml of lactase solution. Shake the tube to ensure that the two solutions mix.Give the experiment 5 minutes for the lactose to breakdown into galactose and glucose.Use a test strip to monitor the process. Originally, the strip is usually colourize aqua. If it turns brown, olive or green, it is an indication that glucose is present.Compare the results from the two tubes. If the color of the test strip turns brown, olive or green, this is an indication that glucose is present. This means that reaction in the tube with lactase was catalyzed resulting in the production of glucose. The reaction in the other tube was slow because there was no catalyst to quicken the r eaction. The result from this experiment indicates that and then enzymes can play a big role in catalyzing reactions.ReferencesCornish-Bowden, Athel. Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics. (3rd edition), Portland Press, 2004. Print.Source document

Literary Criticism of Uncle Toms Cabin Essay Example for Free

Literary Criticism of Uncle Toms confine EssayHarriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Toms Cabin in order to persuade the endorsers that thraldom was bad. Her Christian views led her to do this and depict her characters as each-day feeling as she could and non be too over dramatic about everything that happened. Her story could be construe as a non-fiction if the reader does not know the history of it all, beca enforce she uses a very subtle snuggle to get to reader through making all events in the book figurem very original as if she had genuinely seen them. Stowes relationship with the book is that the book argon her thoughts through a story. Not nevertheless any thoughts, but her abolitionist views and how oftentimes she dis hold with thralldom.Stowe not only uses the book as a consentaneous to convince of slaverys diabolics. She uses individual characters and their journies (emotional, physical, etc.) to get into the readers head and make everything believable to t he point where sensation thinks that the book is non-fiction.. She doesnt use a very abrupt way of getting her message across. She tells things like they are. Not all southerners are evil, and northerners arent angels either. Every scene that Stowe needs to, persuades the reader that slavery is evil and non-Christian.Uncle Tom, the protaganist of this book, is used by Stowe to introduce slaves as not being ignorant, rag-wearing, illiterate people. Tom is a pious fellow as stated by Arthur Shelby No I mean, really, Tom is a good, steady, sensible, pious fellow. (Pg.4). Stowe too shows that Shelby is a good troops himself, by showing that he actually cared for his slaves, and didnt treat them like objects. alone, you could get a bit confused by Shelby when he showcases Elizas little boy to Mr. Haley as if he were some type of circus act, Now, Jim, show this man how you can dance and sing. (Pg.5). By giving two different views of Shelby at such an arly stage of the book, one cant really get a grasp on whether or not he really has senti ment, until further on in his and Mr. Haleys conversation.Mr. Haley, on the other hand is shown to be a wanna-be higher manakin type of man He was a short, thick-set man, with coarse, commonplace features, and that swaggering air of pretension which marks a low man who is trying to elbow his way upward in the world. (Pg.3). Haley also seems to be a man who is very coaxing to get what he wants, but seems to make hollow promises Howsomever, Ill do the very best I can in gettin Tom a good berth as to my treatin on him bad. you neednt be a grain afeard. If in that respects anything that I thank the Lord for, it is that Im never noways cruel. (pg.33).When the reader is primary introduced to Haley, he seems to be a kind slave trader who only wants Shelby to give him slaves, because of a debt. But, he decieves the reader, and ends up being a man that mistreats his slaves often through violence. The first a reader gets to see of H aleys ill-mannered side is when he has found out that Eliza has escaped with her news Harry (the child that was to be sold to him). Haley is enfuriated and cariies himself in an awful manner I say now, Shelby, this yers a most extrornary business state Haley, as he abruptly entered the parlor. It seems that gals off, with her young un. (Pg.44). Even though it might not be much to read of somebody yelling, this incident does open the door for much more disastrous occurances further in the book. Elizas escape is not the beginning.Eliza Harris plays an enormous role that makes the reader think and also sympathize. Eliza is a young, beautiful, courageous slave. But nor only is she a slave. She is a mother and wife also. Elizas biggest part in the book is when she shows the reader what matriarchal attachments influence a woman to do when she knows her child will be taken from her. After discovering that her son is going to be sold to a slave trader in order to pay a debt, she decides t hat the only reasonable thing to do is take him, and escape so she can be by her childs side and never be separated from him. She consults Tom, and he says that he will not fight the finding made by his master to be sold, but he encourages his friend to, so she will not be away from her son.Eliza leaves and heads towards the Ohio river and Haley is looking for her. But, two slaves that Mr. Shelby sends with him to guide him lead him the wrong way to stall, but someways ended up crossing paths with her and alert her. Once this happens. one of the biggest scenes in the book is shown The huge colour fragment of ice on which she alighted pitched and creaked as her weight came on it, but she staid there not a moment. With wild cries and desperate energy she leaped to another and still another cake stumbling-leaping-slipping-springing upward again Her shoes are gone-her stockings cut from her feet-while blood marked every step but she truism nothing, felt nothing, till dimly, as in a dream, she saw the Ohio side, and a man helping her up the bank. (Pg.62). Stowe draws a vivid image through her writing of this scene, of a mothers struggle to keep sons life with her and not in the hands of anybody else.Struggle is also seen, not just for life, but for what was morally right as a Christian. Senator John Bird was one of the people who voted in favor of the Fugitive Slave Act, distinctly showing that he was not about to help any type of runaway slaves. But, his wife was a very Christian woman with morality that ran through her veins, and she lived by the parole. Her struggle was to convince her husband that slavery was wrong and he should not agree with the law passed, because the Bible says that good will to all men was a must. Mrs. Bird informs, Now, John, I dont know anything about politics, but I can read my Bible and there I see that I must feed the hungry, clothe the naked, and comfort the desolate. (Pg.82).By this, the reader has already been influenced posi tively and ostracisely by so many of the characters that Stowe brings into this well thought out persuasive piece of art. Christianity was what influenced her, and powered her abolitionist views. It led her to take abolitionism into her own hands, and educate the country (and in hopes, the world) of how negative slavery was.Being raised in a very strict Presbyterian home, she was taught all about the apprise of life through the gospel. Stowes religious views were imprinted into her mind and soul, and they set a path for her. Her path was to enlighten the southerners that agreed with slavery and were cruel to the people they held captive to do their bidding. Uncle Toms Cabin was written in response to the acts passed against slavery (e.g. Fugitive Slave Act). Each page of the story contains journey, experience, growth, development, and so much more with each and every character.With her characters, she uses them as her source of persuasion of the views opposite from the southern vi ews. Stowe doesnt come straight out and say, Slavery is evil Dont agree with it She is very implicit with spreading her outlook on slavery (even though it is known that she is an abolitionist).Characters such as Quakers seem to invoke Harriet Beecher Stowe as a whole, for the simple fact that they are just as she was. Quakers are religious persons that helped slaves, because the Bible said they should help anybody and everybody that needed help. All the characters talked about before, seem to also take Stowes viewpoints. Even her bad guys make up her point of views too. If you think about it, all that she is against is embodied in the slave traders and evil southerners of the book.Stowe does a phenomenal job of taking all her abolitionist views and putting it on paper, and conveying her deepest hates for slavery in such a well thought work of art. Her persuasion is substantially seen through her characters. They grab you, shake you, and bring tears to your eyes. Stowe seems to kno w how to get into peoples heads. She does it just like when you have a set of headphones on and youre listening to your favorite song, and it sticks with you forever.

Importance Of Values Essay Example for Free

Importance Of determine probeImportance of Values 1. Values ar guides for our behaviour. 2. It is signi? ratt to our liveness and the society in general. 3. It gives direc? on to our lives. Its re determine are clear and consistent. 4. Values tell us the importance of people. What things are desirable and sa? sfying. 5. Values are principle by which individuals are steer on their proper behaviour in a society. 6. Values have something to do with the total forma? on of a soul. 7. Value mean whatever is actually prized, esteemed, desired, approved, or enjoyed by anyone at a ? me. 8.Values allow the members of an organiza? on to interact harmoniously. Values a(ect their forma? on and victimization as individuals, and make it easier to reach goals that would be impossible to achieve individually. 9. Values is being itself or the fertility of being in as much as it has power to a+ract the cogni? ve and appe ve poten? als of men. 10. Values consult to the major priori? es t hat one chooses to act on. 11. Values are seen as growing from a persons experiences. It is, therefore, expected that di(erent experiences would give rise to di(erent values.Process of Valuing Louis Raths, et al. de? ned value or the process of valuing as having s pointsome aspects and made it clear that unless all the seven are present, then what person has chosen is not a value. Values possess criteria which can be divided into three categories CHOOSING, PRIZING, and ACTING. Hence C Choosing 1. To choose freely 2. To choose from alterna? ves 3. To choose alterna? ves a=er considering the consequences of such alterna? ves. P Prizing 4. To cherish and be happy with the pick 5. To be willing to a? rm the plectron publiclyA Ac? ng 6. To actually do something about the choice 7. To act repeatedly to a? rm the choice publicly. In the area of choice, the value mustiness be chosen freely and he person is totally accountable for the choice he made. The choice must consider the conse quences of the alterna? ve evident. Essen? al to the valuing process is that the choice must be acted upon and should become part of the life of the person. Finally, the person must be happy with the choice, a choice that enhances the emo? onal and spiritual development of that individual.Values, therefore, are major priori? es that a person choses to act on, that crea? vely enhances his life and the lives of those with whom he associates. Our live are mo? vated and guided by values. In the words of hall, all of life is worth living when we have sincerely commited ourselves eliminate the realiza? on of our goals. Fr. Jaime Bulatao, a Filipino psychologist in his ar? cle The Manilenos Mainspring, gave four large areas of values from the total ? age of values 1. Emo? onal closeness and security in a family. In any society, the home always provides love, understanding, acceptance, a place where, no ma+er how far or how wrongly one has wandered he can always return.The Filipinos are noted for manifes? ng close ? es in the family. As many Filipinos would say, thither is no place like home. 2. The dresser value. This may be de? ned as approval by the authority ? gure and by society. A part of the Filipino tradi? on is that children may marry only with the consent of parents even when they elope, the parents are s? ll expected to work for reconcilia? on. allowance ? gures must be respected and obeyed within the limits.Authority ? gures are feared and served with awe, but some? mes are not really loved. One looks at authority ? gures for table service in obtaining a job and other bene? ts. 3. Economic and social be? erment. This value o=en refers to a desire to raise the standard of living of ones family, or of ones hometown. O=en it is repayment of ones debt of gra? tude to parents and rela? ves. 4. Pa? ence, su? ering, and endurance. This value has been fused with the religious value since it seems that God is called upon when other means fail. It is associa ted with women more than with men.

How Institutions Regulate Multinational Corporations Essay Example for Free

How Institutions Regulate Multinational Corporations EssayInternational institutions be very effective to regulate multinational corporations in many ways. There are few institutions which evermore take care for the multinational corporations. Also, these institutions effective to give suggestion about economy. Global trends which are just about the human have shown that the more stringent and effective labor legislation, the more likely MNCs get out relocate to another jurisdiction.As a result, globalization endangers the jobs and employment benefits that labor law was intended to protect. As in any enterprise, big and small, the maximization of profits and resources must be of paramount importance. By enlarging the backcloth of the World Trade Organization to the equalization of labor standards , the prospects of more efficient international trade dealing become further possible , but not without triggering intense protests from the most affected stake-holder the labor of the world .The Bretton Woods Organizations Prior to the WTO An Overview Prior the emergence of the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the International financial Fund were established by assorted states after World War II to firstly dish out in reconstruction efforts to countries devastated by the war. More so , these two institutions lent billions of dollars in aid to underdeveloped countries to fast-track their economic growth especially in the wake of complex issues such as political sympathies corruptness , civil war , recession , among others .Their primary task has been to assist and provide economic assistance to hundreds of developing countries in various fields such as education , agriculture ,land reform , healthcare , vitality production , and even governance ,notwithstanding at the forefront of monitoring exchange rates and balance of payments of different countries . The two institutions also embark of comprehensive economic researches on the pligh t of different countries to determine the mend(p) recourse of aid, depending on the local needs of the beneficiary state, such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare, among others.However, the IMF and the WB have been better known in the underdeveloped world as loaning billions of dollars in aid that are load with various conditionalitys which sometimes leave the beneficiary countries at a disadvantage, notwithstanding allegations that these institutions were complicit in the bread and butter of military dictatorship that terrorized much of Latin America and parts of Asia in the second half of the twentieth century.One particular example of this has been the relentless llegations that the two institutions continuously sent aid to the Philippine government under the regime of Dictator Ferdinand Marcos even if both institutions knew that much of the aid shall not trickle grim to Philippine constituents but rechanneled to Marcos and his cronies Swiss bank accounts. Nonethele ss, for as long as the WB and the IMF continues to enjoy a legal and political presumption of good faith and service in its dealings with its member countries, no amount of international propaganda should preclude the two institutions from pursuing its goals and objectives.Referencehttp//www.outofthetrees.co.uk/resources/technologies.php

Testimony of personal connection with god Essay Example for Free

affidavit of personal connection with god EssayWhen we talk about a church service attractor having a tribute, it proofs that god is with the leader and leader is with matinee idol. A church leader seeks a leadership ministry in paragons dish up and discusses his personal experience in the deliveryman. Sharing of a christian testimony with others in public is the prove of that personal experience. The LORD was with Joseph, and he was a prosperous man and he was in the house of his traverse the Egyptian (Genesis 392) Private and public life of a church leader, as a Christian, supports his testimony and influences others to become Christian. populate expect church leader to be person who follows words and prayers of God. A church leader demonstrates people by giving example of personal closeness to God in his tete-a-tete and public. People judge their weaknesses with the help of purposeful Christian testimony of the leader. A church leader witnesses for Christ thro ugh his hands, lips, works and entire life.STRONG CERTAINTY AS A CHURCH LEADER certainty repre directs freedom and surety of fact from doubt. It means a church leader is ahead of entirely other people sent by God.A church leader has a sense of c any to be Gods leader so it offends him a special desire for leadership ministry. It as well gives him a deep phantasmal belief that God has His hands in his progress. It helps in making him sure that God wants him to be a church leader. . God sent me ahead of you.. to preserve for you a remnant on earth .. it was not you who sent me here, but God (Gen 45. 5,7,8). His firm belief gives him inner faith and courage and helps him to go through tricky times in his work by staying firmly on the job until finish it according to Gods order.He does his job with dignity and proud character and blessings of the God who asked him to lead and serve. Paul, a bond-servant of Christ Jesus, called as an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God (Roman s 1). The ministry requires church leaders to be certain of their name as Gods leaders. INTEGRITY BEING A PART OF PERSONALITY Integrity is being truthful and honest. It also refers moral excellence and living and doing in a right manner. A church leader is unfeigned to him-self and keeps him-self pure and honor fitted. He knows the importance to keep integrity in front of God and people.Integrity as a needed quality for church leaders, and a church leader is free from any blame. He stands for God before his group and the people inside and outside of the church. A church planter makes a new church healthy when he has integrity in his private and public life. He knows how heavy it is for him to have authority as a leader, not only for just leadership but a church leader shows it in daily life. People need church leaders having integrity in their personality to teach them the difference between the right and misemploy and help them choosing the right. DISTINCT CAPABILITIES.When we talk about capabilities it represents fitness or ability. Distinct capability of a church leader enables him to do his job in a grave manner wherever he serves people. Church leaders are impregnable mentors they are wise and trusted persons who give advices. A church leader keeps on improving his talent by using his mentor and measuring obtaining results. People think that the greatest ability of a church leader is that, he depends only on God to avoid making mistakes in delivering his services to both God and people. Ability for church leading or planting is one of the parts of learnt talents of a church leader. do OF AUTHORITY A church leader should use his authority properly which is given by the God and community. A church leader is not a good leader if no one is following him. People obey him because of his owning authority and their trust on his authority. Church leaders know above all else, that their power as a leader came from God. They receive authority and become Gods witnesses when the holy place Spirit appears on them. A church leader understands that his leadership power comes from the God and understands that those, whom he serves, give him authority as a leader.A Christian does not forget that his leadership depends on state that goes with authority (2-corinthians-59) A church leader uses these blessings for establishing of the groups or churches, his position as a leader is to touch success in carrying out Gods purpose. If a church leader uses his authority in a wrong or bad use then he will definitely suffer for his doings. The church leaders should not forget that their leaderships depend on responsibility and their authority goes with equal responsibility. It means they should be able to believe and precede these authorities in a reasonable manner.ACCOUNTABLE.A church leader is accountable for using church assets and other resources in an appropriate manner he should be accountable for himself. So Pharaoh said to Joseph, Im putting y ou in charge of the whole land of Egypt (Genesis 4141). They trusted Joseph because of his self accountability. People who follow and support a church leader do not question about his plans for them. He opens his books for others to see and believes that honesty is a good policy. Church leaders spend their life on good and respected principles, the God and people expect that every church leader must have all of the qualities of Abraham, Noah, etc.A Church leader in leadership position is believed accountable and honest Christian leader. He needs to love the Gods messengers reports or reviews and do what they do. The reports or reviews help him to improve from good to a better leader. A church leader makes decisions according to religious possibilities he accepts responsibility for the obtaining result of his decisions. People usually do not consider religious aspects in their routine they read religious books like open letters. A church leader knows how to make good decisions, he th en lives with the decisions that he has made and accepts responsibility for his works.

Types of Vacation Essay Example for Free

Types of Vacation EssayThere atomic number 18 six types of spend a person can choose from. A vacation can crocked spending time with loved ones, figureing new state, trying something new, educational experiences, or helping others. deciding on the type of vacation to go on can be tricky, especially when determining where you wish to go and why.One type of vacation to go on is to celebrate a romance, which can acknowledge anniversaries, honeymoons, or a couples retreat. The purpose of this is to give couples a chance to relax and revive their love. This could be anywhere as long as youre with the one you love, whether its a cruise to Jamaica or to the metropolis love, Paris.Another type is a family vacation where the whole family can relax and spend time together. The more or less common destination for family vacations is theme parks ge bed toward kid friendly activities, such as Disneyworld in Orlando, Florida Six Flags and Sea World.Not everyone is married or hopes t o go on a vacation with their family, and for these people there are the hit get internationals. These vacations allow singles a fun way to travel and meet new people while exploring the world. There are a variety of trips such as cruises, and adventures where singles can hike through a jungle in Costa Rica, or visit the kabbalistic Machu Picchu in Peru.Many people wish they could go somewhere or do something they have eternally wanted to. A dream destination vacation allows people this opportunity to go on vacation to that specific place. This could be anything with anyone, such as the nightlife in Rio de Janeiro, climbing Mount Everest, or visiting the 7 Wonders of the World.There are also many who travel for work or educational reasons. They might want to learn a new language or culture. Some schools offer programs that allow students the opportunity to conduct overseas and work abroad such as the University of Manitobas World W.I.S.E. (Work, Internship, Study and Exchange) p rogram. There are also those who travel for work such as news reporters who must travel to various places some the globe.There are many reasons a person can take a vacation, whether to relax, get away or spend time away with ones you love.

Stages of Pregnancy

Stages of PregnancyZainab F atomic number 18edConception- is the submit of when the sperm fertilises the egg. There argon antithetical branchs before conception this includes ovulation, hormone rise, the egg travels to the fallopian tube, if the egg isnt fertilised, fertilization, implantation Moving to the uterus and finally pregnancy hormones.Growth- This is a term used when you atomic number 18 growing in weightliftt and flower and size.Development-Development is when you cook changes and increasing in skills and abilities.Pregnancy 3 Trimester stages in pregnancy-First trimester stage- In this stage your personify bugger offs to change and you go through different changes. These types of changes happen between (hebdomad 1- to week 12) and the hormones in your trunk begin to change the organs in the body and their systems. too these changes give the axe cause different symptoms to reach hitherto during the first week of pregnancy. These symptom include- extreme tire dness, morning sickness, mood swings, h pinnatburn etc.3 weeks of pregnancy- At 6 weeks of pregnancy at this channel you argon about 6-7 weeks pregnant and there is a epic lump where the heart is and a bump at the end of the liberty chit of the neural tube. This bump is acquittance to become the bilk brain and head. The embryo is curve and has a tail. At this stage the heart gutter be seen beating on an ultrasound see at this specific stage. Also the information of the blazonry and leg form and become visible.At 7 weeks of pregnancy, the embryo is continuing to grow and at this point the embryo is about 10mm long from the head to bottom. Also the brain is continuing to grow faster and this in like manner shows the head is growing faster than the rest of the body. The embryo has a large forehead and eyes and ears are still continuing to develop as the inner ear starts to develop however the outer ear wont begin to grow for an other couple of more weeks. Also the nerve cells pass over to multiply and develop as the nervous system begins to opt its shape.At 8 weeks of pregnancy, the foul up is called a foetus (offspring) and the legs of the tike are lengthening and forming cartilage as well. However the different parts of the body such as the knees, ankles, thighs and toes havent fully developed yet and allow for take some(a) time. Also the placenta is continuing to develop and this when forming structures this is known and called as chorionic villi, this will help attach the placenta to the circumvent of the uterus and at this stage the foetus will get its nourishment from the yolk sac.Second trimester stage- During this stage you will feel like the pregnancy is becoming easier and more causes like nausea and fatigue tardily go away in your pregnancy however more notable changes to your body. Your abdomen will set off as the treat is still continuing to grow. This stage happens when you are 13 28 weeks pregnant and in conclusion you can feel the baby moving more. For body changes these include- body aches, stretch marks on abdomen, clod on the ankles, fingers, face.3 weeks of pregnancy trimester stageshebdomad 14- In this week the baby develops different skills such as they can squint, frown, grimace and can possibly suck the thumb etc. Also when doing an ultrasound scan you can possibly check the baby carrying out these skills for example they can possibly see the baby sucking its thumb. Also the baby can grasp too and is being to produce urine. This release the amnic fluid around the body and this is a process which would continue until family. However when it comes to the babys development the baby is stretching out and approximately the size is from 3 and a half inches. Also by the end of the week the babys arm would be growing and similarly the legs still have to lengthen more. http//www.babycenter.com/6_your-pregnancy-14-weeks_1103.bc workweek 17- The babys skeleton is changing once again and this time it is from hushed cartilage to bone and the umbilical cord. Also the support to the placenta is growing stronger and thicker. At this stage the baby would weigh almost 5 ounces and the length would be around 5 inches long from the head to bottom. The baby can also begin to develop to move the joints and the sweat glands are beginning to develop. http//www.babycenter.com/6_your-pregnancy-17-weeks_1106.bcWeek 28- At this week the baby would weigh about 2 pounds and length is 14.8 inches from head to its heels this shows that as the weeks go by the baby is continuing to develop until birth. The baby also picks up on some skills such as blooming(a) their eyes, growth of the babys eye lashes, the baby can also see light from the womb and this is filtered light. Also finally the baby is developing billions on neurons in her brain and also gaining a share of fat in their body to help for when it is born. http//www.babycenter.com/6_your-pregnancy-28-weeks_1117.bcThird trimester stage- In this stage, it consists of going to the toilet regularly, this because the baby is getting bigger and is developing and its putting more pressure on your organs. The different symptoms of body changes which occur include- shortness of breath, heartburn, trouble sleeping, contractions etc. Also near to your due date the cervix becomes thinner and softer which is also called effacing. Also these changes happen when youre in the final trimester stage between 29-40 weeks of pregnancy.3 weeks of pregnancy trimester stagesWeek 30- At this stage the babys body length is about 15.7 inches and weighs almost 3 pounds. Also a pint of amniotic fluid surrounds her and the volume will shrink as she gets bigger and takes up a lot of way for the uterus therefore it will become less. The development of the eyes are still continuing to develop and it is not that good however it will develop once the baby is born and also when the baby is born it is likely that it would keep its eyes closed more in the d ay for some time. http//www.babycenter.com/6_your-pregnancy-30-weeks_1119.bcWeek 35- At this stage the baby doesnt have much room to move as it the baby is length is every long and it is over 18 inches long and weighs 5 pounds. Also not much movement would be going on in the womb as it would be warm and also the number of times the baby kicks would remain the same. As for development the kidneys are fully developed now and this means the liver can take out some have products. The physical development of the baby is complete and for the weeks coming the baby would continue putting on weight. http//www.babycenter.com/6_your-pregnancy-35-weeks_1124.bcWeek 40- At this stage the baby would be developed in many areas and would weight about 7 pounds and is 20 inches long. The skull bones are not attached which allows the baby to overlap if it is warm through the birth canal during labours. This also known as moulding which is the reason why the babys head shape would look different afte r birth and this is normal and is not permanent. So these are the different stages in week 40 of pregnancy. http//www.babycenter.com/6_your-pregnancy-40-weeks_1129.bcLabour 3 Stages- Labour has 3 stages and these include the first historic period when the contractions open up the neck of your uterus and this consists of early labour and active labour and the transitional phase. The countenance stage of labour is when you push the baby out into the world and the final third stage is when you introduce the placenta.1st stage- During pregnancy, your cervix is closed and is full of mucus to keep out infection. In the first stage of labour your cervix has to move forward to what is called anterior position and should be open so that the baby can be born. By the end of this stage the cervix should be fully opened and should be open to about 10cm in diameter.2nd stage- During the second stage of labour you have to push overmatch the baby from the birth canal and this is when the baby c omes out and you have given birth. When giving birth you will feel the pressure of the babys head low down to the pelvis. It is important to follow the fabricate procedures as something can go wrong. When the babys head is down in the pelvis, the mother would probably feel a hot, stinging feeling. When coming down to the final parts the doctor or midwife would tell you to take short breaths this would help resit the need to bear down two or three contractions and this helps the baby to be born gently and slowly.3rd stage- During the last stage of labour, the baby is born and ends when you deliver the placenta. The contractions will be clear and visible but are weaker when they begin again as the uterus contracts down. Also other options are that the hospital offer an injection which makes the placenta come out however this process has side make like reducing blood loss and this is because of the drugs. These are the three stages of labour and there are different stages which is in volved in this process.Bibliography.Baby centre. (2014). The stages of childbirth. Available http//www.babycentre.co.uk/a177/the-stages-of-childbirth Last accessed 10/09/2014.Nhs . (2013). Your babys early development. Available http//www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/pregnancy-weeks-4-5-6-7-8.aspxclose. Last accessed 10/09/2014.Web Md. (2005). Pregnancy and Conception. Available http//www.webmd.com/baby/guide/understanding-conception. Last accessed 10/09/2014.

P2 Cycle in WDM Networks

P2 Cycle in WDM Ne tworksP2-CYCLE IN WDM NETWORKSM.DILEEP Smt K .APARNAAbstractThe Failure Independent railsway apology (FIPP) p make pass is efficient escape. If failure occurs in pre configured oscillation it is tax shelter is reconfigured amid those two nary(prenominal)es. In this paper we use Parasitic fortress Links (PPL). PPLs ar p- make passs with work attached combines. PPLs argon use to protect the not only failure nodes exactly it machine-accessible to PPL to rhythm method. P2 stave is known as p cycle with parasitic defense links.We address The P2 cycle in occupy electronic vanes skunk be analysed by using single link failure. We further propose two P2-cycle based heuristic algorithms, Strict Routing Protection (SRP) and Flexible Routing Protection (FRP), to address the can-do dealings case. In the self-propelled case, two SRP and FRP outper seduce FIPP p-cycle schemes in terms of pulley block probability in most scenarios considered. In general, the P2-cycle security measure scheme outperforms the p-cycle based in terms of energy efficiencies which universe slightly slower in terms of traffic reco genuinely focal ratio.Key words Parasitic Protection Links (PPL), Strict Routing Protection (SRP), Flexible Routing Protection (FRP).I. INTRODUCTIONNetwork survivability, defined as the Continuous operations of cyberspace be performed in case failure occurred in the cyberspace 3. In gener altogethery optical meshs carry tuition in terabytes. A failure in network causes lot of loss of selective information. Ring based networks can easily come due to their structure and fast recovery management. In shout out based it takes 50-60ms but it gives efficacy redundancy advanced. As mesh based networks emerged, to a greater extent energy efficient protective covering schemes were proposed which throw overboard backup capacity sharing. These schemes ar into three categories link-based, segment-based and running-based 29.L ink-based security system schemes produce the fast traffic recovery speed but suffer from the worst resource efficiency .Best resource efficiency is procured by path based protection scheme. Shared Backup Path Protection (SBPP) is ane of the path protection schemes. it is high capacity. upon a network failure. It takes broad time o recover from traffic. Segment based protection schemes perch between the link-based and path-based schemes, and offer a kick downstairs confederacy of bandwidth efficiency and recovery time.Path-based protection schemes usually achieve the best resource efficiency. Among them, a path protection scheme, namely, Shared Backup Path Protection (SBPP), was shown to be the most capacity efficient protection scheme 8. However, it suffers from long traffic recovery time upon a network failure. Segment based protection schemes lie between the link-based and path-based schemes, and offer a infract combination of bandwidth efficiency and recovery time .The pre-configured protection cycle is known as p-cycle, combines the good qualities of mesh and ring based protection schemes and achieves the recovery speed of ring- based with the capacity efficiency of mesh protection. P-cycle has been proven theoretically to be the most efficient pre-configured protection scheme in terms of capacity efficiency and recovery speed .II. Dynamic Traffic ScenariosIn energising traffic without the prior knowledge of arriver time of future requests. Due to the pre-configuration property of traditional p-cycles, it is extremely difficult to re- provision all the protection cycles whenever a overbold sitting arrives in order to minimize overall live. Each provisioning takes large computation embody and complex network reconfiguration. Therefore, most of the work in the literature assume that established p-cycles should not shift with time or traffic. The authors in proposed three different routing algorithms on with link-based p-cycle protection sche me to deal with dynamic traffic. The results indicate that the proposed p-cycle based design performs let on than SBPP in dense networks but worse in distributed networks. Protected Working Capacity Envelopes (PWCE) is another method to address dynamic traffic scenarios. It divides the entire network into two partitions working and protection. Both static and dynamic traffic can be accommodated as long as the total traffic do not exceed the limit of working envelopes.Although some prissy results have been shown in the literature, p-cycles still have such(prenominal) intrinsic weakness in dealing with dynamic traffic. If an incoming session whose end nodes do not lie on either cycle, it cannot be saved and a new cycle has to be constructed to protect this session, or the living cycles must be reconfigured. An use shown in Figure 4.2 illustrates such weakness and excessively reveals the advantage of P2-cycles. In Fig. 4.2(a), session1 has been provisi aced and protected by cyc le C1(ECBFE). As session 2 arrives, the primary winding path of session 2 is provisi aced as P2(ABCD). Under FIPP p-cycle scheme, cycle C1 cannot protect it and thus a new cycle C2(ABCDEFA) is constructed to protect it as shown in Fig.4.2(b). However, instead of structure a new cycle, using P2-cycle approach we can add two PPLs (A,F) and (D,E) to connect the end nodes of P2 such that C1 can also provide a protection segment (AFED) for P2 as shown in Fig.4.2(c). Therefore, both sessions are protected by a P2-cycle with much less cost.Fig 1 P2-cycle deals With Dynamic TrafficIII. fuss StatementIn dynamic traffic scenarios, a WDM mesh network is given with network resources, such as the maximum number of wavelengths and the cost on each(prenominal) bilk. Each traffic request arrives to the network in a dynamic fashion such that it needs to be considered individually based on the latest network status. The network status consists of the detailed working and available wavelengths o n each span as well as all the accepted sessions and P2-cycles provisioned in the network.Given a network modelled as an undirected graph G = (VE) where each undirected span e2E has a cost ce, the current network which includes the currently used and available wave- lengths on each span e, each accepted session l and their protection P2-cycles. Provision incoming unicast sessions against some(prenominal)(prenominal) single-link failure with the minimum overall blocking probability by using P2-cycle scheme. The assumptions required in this dynamic traffic case are the same as that in the static case.We design two heuristics to address the dynamic traffic case. In the first method, named Strict Routing Protection (SRP), the primary and protection path for each incoming session are computed separately. The primary path is first off provisioned using Dijkstras shortest routing algorithm. Based on the primary path, either an existing P2-cycle or a new cycle is found to protect it. In the second method, named Flexible Routing Protection (FRP), the primary and protection paths of an incoming session are constructed jointly. The existing P2-cycles willing be preferred to being used first. If no existing one is able to protect the session, a new cycle will be formed. We allow spare capacity sharing between different sessions to increase the capacity efficiency.A. Strict Routing Protection (SRP)The motivation of SRP is to always subscribe to the shortest path to route the primary traffic in order to leave more spare capacity for protection, since the capacity used for primary path cannot be dowerd among different sessions. And thus we check whether any available P2 cycle can be exploited to protect this newly established session. Once being set up, the cycle for a P2-cycle cannot be changed.The protection links that are added to PPLs are one hop away from end nodes. The detail of the algorithm SRP described in following steps1. As a new session dl(sl tl) arrives, establish the primary path fl between sl and tl under current network status by using Dijkstras algorithm. If it fails, the session is blocked2. Sort all the existing P2-cycles, cp C, in the increasing order of (dl cp), which is One hop indicates that there exists a span in the network that connects a node to the cycle. If (dl cp) = infinite 1 for all cp C, then no existing cycle is able to protect this new session. Thus, a new cycle needs to be constructed to protect dl.3. For each existing protection cycle, cp, we construct a temporary graph G0, consisting of only the cycle spans of cp and all the spans connecting the source and destination nodes of l to the cycle . All the spans used by fl should be removed to ensure that its protection path is link-disjoint. Then, all the sessions protected by cp are checked and if an existing session in D can share the same cp with the new session l, we should make sure that either their primary paths or their protection paths are link-dis joint. we remove the protection paths of all the sessions in D whose primary paths are not link-disjoint with fl. If a protection path can still be found in the remaining G0 this protection path will be ql for l. Accordingly, the protection cycle is also determined, which should be updated if some PPLs are also used.4. If every existing cp fails to protect dl, a new cycle will be constructed to protect it. We first attempt to set about two diverse paths to form a cycle that is link-disjoint to fl. If such cycle cannot be found, then we pay off a path, ql, link-disjoint to fl and the cycle is formed by combining ql with fl.B. Flexible Routing Protection (FRP)Different from SRP, the flexible routing protection scheme considers primary and protection paths jointly for each arriving session. Instead of determining the primary path in advance, we examine each existing P2-cycle and find each potential protection path along the cycle that can connect the source and destination. For each potential protection path, we try to discover a primary path for it. If it succeeds, the session is accepted. Otherwise, a new cycle is constructed to protect the session.Flexible Routing Protection (FRP) Scheme algorithmic rule FRP is explained in following stepsGiven a new session dl(sl tl), all the available P2-cycles cp C are sorted in the increasing order of (dl cp).For each available cp, list all the practicable protection paths for dl. If the end nodes sl and tl are on the cycle, there are two possible segments along the cycle. If sl or(and) tl is not on the cycle, the path will be composed of parasitic links connecting sl or tl to the cycle and an on-cycle segment. We assume the average node degree in a given network is denoted by . Each cycle can provide two on cycle segments between any pair of on-cycle nodes. Each end node, sl or tl, can be connected to the cycle by at most PPLs given the node degree . Hence, the average number of candidate protection paths provided b y any P2-cycleFor each candidate ql, run Dijkstras algorithm to find a primary path fl in G that is not only link-disjoint to ql but also link-disjoint with other primary paths protected by the same cycle if their protection paths are not link-disjoint. If it succeeds, we store the combination in a temporary set T, which is initialized as . After checking all the existing P2-cycles, we check set T and find the combination with minimum cost of fl. We recover the spans removed from G and update the network status. If no existing P2-cycle can be used to protect session dl, we use Bhandaris algorithm to find two link-disjoint paths between si and ti to form a new P2-cycle. If it fails, the session is blocked. Otherwise, the session is accepted and one of the paths (usually the shorter one) is used as the primary path fl, and the network is updated.IV. Results for Dynamic TrafficBased on two P2-cycle protection algorithms, SRP and FRP, proposed for provisioning dynamic requests, we con duct a mannequin study to compare the surgical operation of these algorithms under dynamic traffic. The networks used in the simulations are NSFNET, COST239 and USNET, in which USNET network, shown in Fig. 2 has 24 nodes and 43 edges and the average node degree is 3.58.Fig.2 USNET(24 nodes, 43 edges)In each simulation run, 1000 randomly generated unicast requests are loaded to the network sequentially and the reject ratio is recorded. The arrival of traffic follows Poisson distribution with requests per second and the duration of an accepted connection is exponentially distributed with a mean of . The traffic load measured in Erlangs is Each connection requires an entire wavelength to transmit the traffic. The maximum capacity on each network link is set to 16 wavelengths.Figures 3,4,and 5 show the blocking probability of dynamic traffic using SRP, FRP and FIPP p-cycle in NSFNET, USNET and COST239 networks, respectively. Each point in the figures is the average value of 200 simu lation runs for each traffic load. For FIPP p-cycle scheme, the primary path of each arriving connection is provisioned first by using Dijkstras algorithm, and then protected by a p-cycle.Fig 3(a) equality of blocking probability in NSFNET(W=16)Fig 3(b)Comparison of blocking probability in COST239(W=16)Fig 3(c)Comparison of blocking probability in USNET(W=16)The results show that both SRP and FRP achieve lower blocking probability than FIPP under most of the network scenarios. In NSFNET, SRP achieves better proceeding than the other two schemes. In USNET, FRP outperforms SRP and FIPP under every scenarios. In COST239, however, SRP and FIPP achieves the same session blocking ratio, which is better than FRP, when the traffic load is relatively low. As the traffic load increases where the network is very saturated, FRP turns to perform better than SRP and FIPP.Based on the results, SRP performs better than other two schemes in relatively small and sparse networks at a low level of tra ffic load. FRP achieves the best performance in larger and denser networks, especially when the network is very saturated. One of the reason that SRP performs better in small and sparse networks, such as, NSF, is that to provision a session always using the shortest path will save some capacity for protection in a long run. Hence, more capacity can be used for protection such that more cycles can be established. in a network with high nodal degree, a cycle is more credibly to reach a large group of nodes compared with a sparse network. In this case, FRP has a higher discover to protect a given session by using existing P2-cycles when network load is very high and the network is over saturated.Fig 4(a).Comparison of NOR in NSFNET(W=16)Fig 4(b).Comparison of NOR in cost239(W=16)Fig 4(c).Comparison of NOR in USNET(W=16)We also studied the average NOR of each accepted connection as in dynamic traffic scenarios and the results are shown in Figures 4(a),4(b) and 4(c). As expected, FIPP achieves the best solution with exact two node reconfigurations for each connection. Meanwhile, SRP also performs better than FRP in three networks. This reveals that connections protected by FRP use more PPLs than those used by SRP, which follows from the basic archetype on which the two algorithms are based. It is worth noting that the average NOR achieved by SRP is almost stable below 2.4 in NSF and USNET and 2.7 in COST239. This indicates that most of the connections only need two no reconfigurations upon a network failure, especially in NSF and USNET. FRP has larger average NOR because it iterates every existing p-cycle in the network to protect each session and postulate the one with minimum cost but not the one with minimum NOR. Shorter primary paths always results in longer protection paths such that more PPLs are used to protect each session.Therefore, based on the simulation results, SRP and FRP both achieves the lowest blocking probability than FIPP in most of the netwo rk scenarios considered and each scheme has advantage over the other in different network scenarios. SRP has better failure recovery performance than FRP. In dynamic traffic scenarios, the P2-cycle protection scheme is faster protection scheme provides an enhancement of capacity efficiency over the FIPP p-cycle with asmall change in the recovery time.VI. ExtensionThe p2-cycles can be extended to link failures can be obtained. If one node can be failed then the data will be passed through alternative paths to reach to the destination. The p2 cycle can be defined as the original p-cycle The protection links that are added to PPLs are one hop away from end nodes. For p2-cycles the network data can be efficiently transferred to destination which is one hop away from the nodes.V. ConclusionsIn this paper new p cycle protection is done in mesh based protection networks. By using the parasitic protection links (PPL), FIPP p-cycle can be extended through paths from end nodes which are one h op away from the failure nodes of p cycles. In dynamic traffic scenarios., in dynamic their are two algorithms are proposed Strict Routing Protection (SRP) and Flexible Routing Protection (FRP), to handle dynamic traffic demands in order to minimize the total number of blocked sessions.In dynamic traffic case the blocking probability less by using algorithms SRP and FRP comparing with FIPP p cycles. The numerical results shows the P2-cycle protection scheme is a more highly capacity efficient than the Failure Independent Path Protection p-cycle scheme in dynamic traffic case. the P2-cycle protection scheme is a more effective alternative of existent p-cycle-based and path-based protection schemes, Considering the factors of capacity efficiency and recovery speedReferencesD. Zhou and S. Subramanian, Survivability in optical networks, IEEE Networks, 2012P. Arijs, B. V. Caenegem, P. Demeester, and P. Lagasse, Design of ring and mesh based WDM transport networks, Optical Networks Magazi ne, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 27-41, 2011.S. Ramamurthy and B. Mukherjee, Survivable WDM mesh networks. Part I-protection, in Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 2, pp. 744-751, 2011.S.krishna Survivable WDM mesh network,, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 870-883, 2009.P. H. Ho and H. T. Mouftah, shared protection for optical networks,IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 97-103, February 2002.Bharat T. Doshi, Subrahmanyam Dravida, P. Harshavardhana, Oded Hauser, and Yufei Wang, Optical Network Design and Restoration, Bell Labs adept daybook, JanuaryCMarch 1999Caihui Ou, J. Zhang, H. Zhang, L. H. Sahasrabuddhe and B. Mukherjee, New and Improved Ap-proaches for Shared-Path Protection in WDM Mesh Networks, IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, VOL. 22, NO. 5, MAY 2004Dahai Xu, Y. Xiong and C. Qiao, Novel algorithms for shared-segment protection, IEEE Journal of Selected Areas on Communications, v21. p1320-1331, 2003Janos Tapolcai and et al. A New Shared Segment Protection Method for Survivable Networks with Guaranteed Recovery Time, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, Vol. 57, pp. 272-282, 2008.W.D D. Stamat, Next Generation networks, in Proc. IEEE ICC 98, 1998, pp. 537-543